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MCAT > Psych/Soc > Flashcards

Psych/Soc Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three visual cues?

A
  1. Depth
  2. Binocular Cues
  3. Monocular Cues
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2
Q

Binocular Cues (2)

A
  1. retina disparity: eyes are 2.5 cm apart.
    ex: when you’re at a bowling alley, y
    our left eye looks at the pins from the left, and the right looks at the pin from the right and both eyes bring them together
  2. Convergence: things that are far away, eyes are relaxed, and when things are close to us, eyes contract.
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3
Q

Monocular Cues:

A
  1. relative size
    ex: two ants of the same size but the one closer to us seem bigger.
  2. interposition- overlap
    ex: if you have a rectangle infant of a circle, the rectangle seems closer to us.
  3. shading and contour
  4. motion parallax- things that are farther away move slower
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4
Q

What is constancy?

A

our perception of object doesn’t change even if it looks different on retina.

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5
Q

What are the five sensory adaption?

A
  1. hearing
  2. touch
  3. smell
  4. proprioception
  5. sight
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6
Q

Hearing

A

takes place in our inner ear muscle.

- loud noise cause muscle to contract dampening the ear.

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7
Q

Touch

A

temperature receptors desensitize

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8
Q

Smell

A

desensitize to molecules

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9
Q

proprioception

A

ex: if you wear googles and a mice is upside down, over time you would accommodate and flip the mice over

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10
Q

sight

A

theres two types:

  1. down regulation: super bright outside, the pupils will constrict allowing less light to enter the back of the eyes
  2. dark- eyes will dialate
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11
Q

Webers Law

A

states that 2 vs. 2.05lbs will feel the same, while 2vs. 2.20 weight difference would be noticeable.

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12
Q

Just Noticeable difference

A

threshold at which you’re able to notice a change in any sensation

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13
Q

Absolute threshold intensity?

A

The minimum intensity of stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

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14
Q

what influences absolute threshold, provide an example?

A

ex: if you asked someone on a date through text.
1. Expectation
2. Experience
3. Motivation
4. Alertness

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15
Q

subliminal stimuli

A

stimuli below the absolute threshold ( something you don’t pay attention to)

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16
Q

Function of the Vestibular System and what is it focus on?

A
  • balance and spatial orientation.

- focus on the inner ear (semicircular Canal)

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17
Q

What is the canal function?

A

its filled with endolymph and allows us to detect what direction our head is moving in and the strength of rotation.

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18
Q

What is the otolithic organs( utricle and saccule) function?

A

help us detect linear acceleration and head positioning.
in these Ca crystals attached to hair cells, and when we go from lying down to standing up, they move and pill on hair cells which triggers AP.

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19
Q

How do we get dizziness and vertigo?

A

endolymph doesn’t stop spinning the same time as we do, sit continues moving and the brain thinks were still moving even when we’ve stopped.

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20
Q

What is the Signal Detection Theory?

A

the point in which we will be able to detect a signal with uncertainty.

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21
Q

What is hit?

A

When a signal is present and subject acts on it.

ex: green light

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22
Q

What is false alarm?

A

When a signal is absent and a subject acts on it.

ex: green light

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23
Q

What is correct rejection?

A

When a signal is not present and subject does not act on it.

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24
Q

What is miss?

A

When a signal is present and subject does not act on it

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25
Q

bottom up model

A

stimulus influence our perception.

ex:

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26
Q

top down model

A

People form their perception by starting with the big picture and working its way down

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27
Q

What is Gestalt’s Principle?

A

there are ways for the brain to infer missing parts of the principle when a picture is incomplete.

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28
Q

Law of Similarity

A

items that are similar to one another are grouped together.

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29
Q

Law of Pragnanz

A

reality is often organized to reduce to the simplest form possible.

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30
Q

Law of Proximity

A

objects that are close are grouped together

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31
Q

Law of Continuity

A

lines are seen as following the smoothest path.

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32
Q

Law of Closure

A

objects grouped together are seen as a whole.

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33
Q

Conjunctiva

A

first layer light hits.

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34
Q

Cornea

A

transparent thick sheet of tissue.

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35
Q

Anterior Chamber

A

a space filled with aqueous humor, and provides pressure to maintain the shape of the eye ball.

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36
Q

Pupil

A

hole made by iris (determines eye color)

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37
Q

Lens

A

bends the light so its able to go to the back of the eyeball.

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38
Q

Suspensory Ligaments

A

attaches to ciliary muscle to form the ciliary body which secrets the aqueous humor.

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39
Q

Posterior Chamber

A

area behind the ciliary muscle, also filled with aqueous humor.

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40
Q

Vitreous Chamber

A

filled vitreous humor, jelly-liked substance to provide pressure to eyeball.

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41
Q

Retina

A

filled with photoreceptors

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42
Q

Choroid

A

pigmented black in humans, network of blood vessels.

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43
Q

Sclera

A

white of the eyes, which fibrous tissue that covers posterior 5/6th of eyeball.

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44
Q

macula

A

special part of retina rich in cones.

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45
Q

fovea

A

completely covered in cones, no rods.

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46
Q

non associative learning+ example

A

when an organism is repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus
ex: habituation and dishabitutation.

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47
Q

Habituation

A

person tunes out the stimulus

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48
Q

dishabituation

A

when an previously habituated stimulus is removed.

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49
Q

sensitization

A

increase in responsiveness to a repeated stimulus.

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50
Q

Associative Learning

A

when one event is connected to another

ex: operant and classical

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51
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive, unconditioned response is paired with a neutral stimulus, and with repetition the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response.

ex: Guinea pig gets excited about carrot at first, but after time gets excited just at refrigerator door opening. Same with every other time refrigerator door opened.
- does not involve a change behavior

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52
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

ex: carrot because no one had to teach guinea pigs to like carrots

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53
Q

unconditioned response

A

triggers excitement in guinea pig

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54
Q

neutral stimulus

A

doesn’t cause excitement on its own.

ex: refrigerator door

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55
Q

conditioned stimuli

A

when a neutral stimuli becomes a conditioned one.

ex: refrigerator door that use to not elect a response in guinea pigs, now does.

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56
Q

conditioned response

A

learned response

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57
Q

Generalization

A

Ability of something similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response, and more similar they are the bigger the response.
Ex. meeting someone new who smiles, reminds us of other smiles.

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58
Q

Discrimination

A

when you respond to some stimuli but not others.

ex: a dresser makes a rumbling sound guinea pig does not respond.

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59
Q

Extinction

A

when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, and eventually the conditioned stimulus will not elect a response.

ex: If you open refrigerator door and don’t give a carrot anymore to your guinea pig, over time she would no longer react
- this is used in therapy to get rid of fear

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60
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A
  • when an old conditioned stimulus elicits a response.

- don’t know why it happens, its usually infrequent and less strong.

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61
Q

Operant Conditioning

A
  • created by BF skinner

- relationship between behaviors and their consequences and how it influences behaviors.

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62
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

something is being added to reinforce behavior

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63
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

something is being removed to reinforce behaviors

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64
Q

Positive Punishment

A

something is added to reduce tendency

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65
Q

Negative Punishment

A

something taken away in effort to decrease chances it will occur again.

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66
Q

shaping

A

successfully reinforce behaviors that approximate target behaviors. (learned through practice)

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67
Q

Fixed Ratio

schedule of reinforcement

A

salesman gets bonus every 5 cars he sells, and reinforcement only occurs after the fixed # of responses.

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68
Q

Fixed Interval

schedule of reinforcement

A

receiving a paycheck every two weeks - time is constant and doesn’t change when he sells one car or two cars.

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69
Q

Variable Ratio

schedule of reinforcement

A

reinforcement is delivered after # of right responses have occurred.
ex: bonus can be 5 cars at first, 3 for second, 7 for this, etc.

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70
Q

Variable Interval

schedule of reinforcement

A

responses are reinforce after a variable amount of time has passed.
ex: bonus can come randomly on different days.

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71
Q

Simple Innate Behaviors

A

reflexes, taxis, kinesis

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72
Q

reflexes

A

squint or blinking

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73
Q

taxis

A

bird flying towards or away from light

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74
Q

kinesis

A

movement with no purpose

ex: rats randomly scurrying in different directions.

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75
Q

Complex innate behaviors

A

fixed action patterns, migration, circadian rhythm

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76
Q

fixed actions patterns

A

mating dance

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77
Q

migration

A

birds flying south

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78
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

biological clock

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79
Q

insight learning

A

solve a problem using a past skill “aha moment”

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80
Q

latent learning

A

learned behavior is not expressed until required

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81
Q

aversive control

A

situation where behavior is motivated by threat of something unpleasant

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82
Q

what are the two types of aversive control

A

escape: when fire breaks out and you leave the building
avoidance: fire alarm goes off and you leave before the fire breaks out.

83
Q

how does light enter the eyes?

A

it goes through the pupil, then the retina (which contains rods and cones.) - light hits rod and turns it off.
- bipolar cells turn on
-retinal ganglion cell turns on and goes into the epic nerves and enters the brain.

84
Q

rods

A

night vision

- found in periphery

85
Q

cones

A
  • 3 types: red, green, blue

- centered in fovea

86
Q

phototransduction cascade

A

a cascade that occurs after rod turns off

87
Q

photoreceptor

A

specialize nerve that takes light and converts it to neural impulses

88
Q

visual field processing

A

how the brain makes sense at what were looking at.

ex: right side of body controls left, vice versa

89
Q

parallel processing

A

the ability to process information regarding color, shape, and motion at the same time.

ex: red ball
- you can see its red
- its a circle

90
Q

encoding

A

putting new information into memory

91
Q

sensory and short term memory

A

temporary registers all the senses you’re taking in.

92
Q

working memory

A

what you’re thinking about at the moment.

93
Q

long term memory

A

requires elaborative rehearsal and is the result of increased neuronal connectivity.

94
Q

explicit memory

A

stores facts and stories

95
Q

implicit memory

A

stores skills and conditioning effects.

96
Q

semantic networks

A

where facts are stored.

97
Q

neuroplasticity

A

ability of the brain to change continuously throughout an individual’s life

98
Q

Rote Rehearsal

A
  • least effective

- saying the same thing over and over again

99
Q

Chunking

A

grouping info into meaningful categories

100
Q

mnemonic device

A

acronyms, imagery

ex: FLAT PEG

101
Q

self-referencing

A

think about new info and how it relates to you personally.

102
Q

spacing

A

spreading out studying to shorter periods.

103
Q

What are the three retrieval cues

A
  1. priming
  2. context
  3. state-dependent
104
Q

priming

A

prior activation of nodes/ association, often without our awareness.
ex: hearing apple and asked to name words that start with A.

105
Q

context

A

the environment you encode and take the test.

ex: learning and testing in the same place means better scores.

106
Q

state dependent

A

your state at the moment.

ex: if you learn something while drink, you’ll remember next time you’re drunk.

107
Q

false-information

A

inaccurate recollection of events

108
Q

misleading information

A

when people recall information, they often forget the information source

109
Q

Korsakoff Syndrome

A

memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain

  • retrograde amnesia: loss of previously formed memories
  • anterograde amnesia: inability to form new memories
110
Q

Interference

A
  • 2 types
    1. retroactive: new learning impairs old info
    ex: being able to recall things about your new address
    2. proactive: something you learned in past impairs learning in future
    ex: password
111
Q

Alzheimer Disease

A

neurons die off over time.

- loss of memory, attetion

112
Q

Piaget Cognitive Development

A

argued that children actively construct their understanding of the world as they grow.

113
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A
  • 0-2 years

- develop object permanence ( do not realize objects still exist even if they can’t see them)

114
Q

pre-operational stage

A
  • 2- 7 years old
    children develop and engage in pretend play.
  • very egocentric
  • no empathy
115
Q

concrete operational stage

A
  • 7-11 years old
  • learn idea of conservation
  • begin to learn empathy
116
Q

Formal operational stage

A
  • 12+
  • reason abstract consequences
  • sophisticated oral reasoning begin to take place.
117
Q

Algorithm

A

logical procedure of finding solutions quicker than other 2

118
Q

means-end analysis

A

analyze main problems and break it down into smaller problems, and reduce differences between problem and goals

119
Q

working backwards

A

start with goal and use it to suggest connections back to current.

120
Q

intuition

A

relying on instincts

121
Q

fixation

A

getting stuck on a wrong approach

122
Q

Type I error

A

false positive

123
Q

type II error

A

false negative

124
Q

overconfidence

A

going into test without knowing a lot of info.

125
Q

belief perseverance

A

ignore/rationalizing disconfirming facts

ex: during election ignore facts about someone you like

126
Q

conformation bias

A

seek out only confirming facts

ex: only read stories how wonderful candidates was

127
Q

Framing effect

A

how you present the decision

128
Q

emotional intelligence

A

perceive, understand, and manage emotions in interactions with others.

129
Q

fluid intelligence

A

to reason quickly and abstractly

- decreases with age

130
Q

crystalized intelligence

A

accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.

- increases or stay the same.

131
Q

Depressants

A

include alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazipnes

-promote or mimic gaba activity in the brain

132
Q

Stimulants

A
  • acetaminephine, cocaine,ecstasy

- increase dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin concentration in synaptic cleft.

133
Q

Opiate and opioids

A

heroin, morphine, poium, and prescription pain medication

134
Q

hallucinogens

A

LSD, mushrooms

135
Q

marijuana

A

has depressant, stimulant, and hallucinogen effects.

136
Q

Attachment

A

is the emotional bond a child and a caregiver make.

137
Q

Erikson Stage 1

A
  • Birth- 1 year old

- trust vs. mistrust stage

138
Q

Erikson Stage 2

A
  • 1-3 years old

- autonomy and doubt stage

139
Q

Erikson Stage 3

A
  • 3-5 years old

- initiaitive vs. guilt stage

140
Q

Erikson Stage 4

A
  • 6-11 years old

- industry and inferriority

141
Q

Goffman’s theory

A

concerns an individual sense of self and self-presentation that changes depending on the situation

142
Q

Goffmans front stage

A

interaction with society, which individuals know his/her behavior will be openly judged

143
Q

Goffmans back stage

A

refers to private areas of our lives where we do not have to “act” but rather can be our true sleves.

144
Q

Family Socialization

A

compromise between values

145
Q

Attribution Theory

A
  • how people view their own and other peoples behaviors.

- process of inferring events/ behaviors.

146
Q

Cultural Capital

A

is any non-finanical asset that helps improves an individual position/ status in society

147
Q

Social Identity

A

states that a persons self concept is partially precieved membership in a group

148
Q

What are the drive reduction needs?

A
  1. actors drive is essential for a response to occur.
  2. the actor must perceive both the stimulus and response to occur
  3. the actual response must occur for conditioning to take place.
  4. conditioning must occur if reinforcement satisfies a need
149
Q

Culture

A

is a way of life shared by groups of individuals- the belief and values that bind a society together.
- can include artwork, language and literature.

150
Q

society

A

the way people organize themselves- bunch of people living together in a in a specific geographic area, and interact more with each other than outsiders.
- includes institutions: ex: family, education, politics, which all meet basic needs.

151
Q

what are the 4 main points of culture?

A
  1. all people share culture with others in their society, provides rules and expectation got carrying out daily rituals and interactions.
  2. Culture is adaptive- it evokes over time
  3. Culture builds on itself-
  4. Culture is transmitted- from one generation to the next. We teach a way of life to the next generation.
    • humans are the only mammals that can adapt.
152
Q

Subculture

A

a culture of a mess level sub community that distinguish itself from larger dominant culture of society.

  • smaller than a nation but large enough to support people through their entire life span .
    ex: ethic groups
153
Q

counterculture

A

group with expectations and values that disagree with the values of the society.

154
Q

sub community

A

small community within a larger one.

155
Q

microculture

A

can’t support people through their life spans. Refers to groups/organization only affecting limited periods of ones life .
ex: girls scouts, college sorority, boarding schools.

156
Q

polygamy

A

more than one spouse

157
Q

polygyny

A

more than ones wife

158
Q

culture lag

A

culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, resulting in social problems.

159
Q

culture shock

A

feel of disorientation, uncertainty, and even fears when they encounter unfamiliar culture practices.
ex: moving countries or travel to another type of life

160
Q

Depressants

A
  • drugs that lower your body’s basic functions and neural activity
    ex: heart rates, reaction time, etc
161
Q

barbiturates

A
  • used to induce sleep or reduce anxiety and concentration
  • depress you CNS
  • side effects: reduced memories, judgement
162
Q

benzodiazepines

A

most common prescribed suppressant.

  • sleep aid or anti-anxiety
  • enhances your brain response to GABA by opening GABa channels and making neurons more negatively charged.
163
Q

opiates

A
  • used to treat pain and anxiety
  • (not opiates)
    ex: heroine and morphine
164
Q

stimulant

A
  • stimulate or intensity neural activity and bodily functions.
  • ex: cocaine, amphetamines, metaphines
165
Q

GABA

A

primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and causes hyper polarization.

166
Q

What are the drugs that increase GABA activity

A

alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, marijuana

167
Q

what are the drugs known to increase dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

A

amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy

168
Q

Define Reward Pathway

A
169
Q

Explain the process of the reward pathway

A

VTA sends dopamine to the amygdala, nucleus acumben ( controls motor function), prefrontal cortex (focus attention and planning) and hippocampus (memory formation)

170
Q

Evolutionary

A

role instinct play in motivation

ex: babies that cry, sleep, eat, basic instincts all humans have.

171
Q

Drive Reduction theory

A

Drive vs. Needs.

Ex: need for water driven by thirst , doing pushups is means to fulfill drive for water.

172
Q

Optimum Arousal Theory

A

Drive to get natural auroral/ alertness

ex: going to amusement parks.

173
Q

Cognitive

A

thought process drive behavior

174
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

we want to satisfy our needs in particular order.

175
Q

List Maslow’s 5 Hierarchy of needs?

A
  1. physiological
  2. Safety
  3. Love
  4. Self-esteem
  5. Self-actualization
176
Q

Physiological Need

A
  • number 1 on the pyramid

- food, water breathing, essential to survive

177
Q

Safety

A
  • number 2 on period

- safety of employment, health, resources, property. Can only be fulfilled after physiological needs are met.

178
Q

Love

A
  • number 3 on pyramid

- need to belong, intimacy, love, social needs.

179
Q

Self-esteem

A
  • number 4 on pyramid

- feel confident and sense of achievement, recognition, and respect.

180
Q

Self-actualization

A
  • number 5 on pyramid
  • one reaching their maximum potential
  • differ from person to person
181
Q

Incentive Theory

A
  • reward is presented after an action
  • associating a positive meaning to a behavior
  • ex: doing well at work is getting promotion.
182
Q

Attitude

A

a learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way

183
Q

Theory of planned behavior

A

we consider the implications of our intentions before we behave.

184
Q

attitude to behavior process model

A

an event triggers our attitude

- kelly has trust issues because she was cheated on.

185
Q

Foot in the door phenomenon

A

We have a tendency to agree to small actions first. Eventually over time comply with much larger actions.

186
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

feelings of discomfort can lead to alteration in our beliefs or behavior.

187
Q

What are four things we do to reduce discomfort

A
  1. modify our cognitions: smoker might say, I really don’t smoke that much.
  2. trivialize: make less important
    ex: evidence is weak that smoking causes cancer
  3. add: adding more cognition
    ex: I exercise so it doesn’t matter much
  4. deny: denying the fact
    ex: smoking
188
Q

Social Physiology

A

process of inferring causes of events/behaviors

189
Q

behaviorist

A

believe language is just conditioned behavior

190
Q

Nativists

A

language must be innate(learned)

191
Q

Materialist

A

look at what happens in the brain when people think/speak/write

192
Q

Universalism

A

thoughts determine language completely

193
Q

Piaget (language)

A

he believed once children were able to think a certain way, and the developed language to describe those thoughts.

194
Q

Vygotsky

A

language and thoughts are both independent, but converge through development.
- eventually learn to use them at the same time.

195
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

weak and strong hypothesis

196
Q

Broca’s Area

A

speak

197
Q

Wernicke Area

A

understand

198
Q

Brocha aphasia

A

when broca’s damaged, and people have trouble producing speech.

199
Q

Wernicke aphasia

A

different patterns of behavior.

-words they make don’t make any sense.

200
Q

global aphasia

A

when both broca area and wernicke are damaged.

201
Q

conduction aphasia

A

ability to conduct between listening and speaking is disrupted.

202
Q

agraphia

A

inability to write

203
Q

anomia

A

inability to name things

MCAT (2 decks)

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