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Complex cognition > Task 1 > Flashcards

Task 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some unique characteristics for western world people regarding culture ?

A
  1. low context dependent
  2. focus on object (center of the picture)
  3. independent low social activity
  4. not prescribed roles
  5. not good in emotion judging
  6. World= stable
  7. only one truth
  8. analytic thinking
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2
Q

What are some unique characteristics for Asians world people regarding culture ?

A
  1. High context dependent (relationships)
  2. Field dependent/contextual (background)
  3. not independent (more family) / high scocial activity
  4. prescribed roles
  5. can judge emotional feelings
  6. world is constantly changing (yin/yang)
  7. Also find a middle way solution
  8. holistic thinking
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3
Q

Why are there differences in cultural thinking ?

A
  • Different societies with diff values
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4
Q

What are some of the values which split the western and asian world in diff societies ?

A
  • Autonomy (free will) vs not autonomy

- Personal vs group goals

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5
Q

What is “change blindness” ?

A
  • When the background is changing very fast but the objects stays the same then western people have more trouble seeing the diff then asians because of the diff focus !
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6
Q

What test identified or proved that W vs A have different types of focuses? (context vs object)

A
  • Road frame test !
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7
Q

Why does change blindess work ?

A

-Nervous system combines similar scene to maintain a coherent/correct view of the world

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8
Q

Does the enviorment influence our perception?

(And name the two cases) !

A
  • Yes it does
  • if the enviorment afford mostly salient objects then people attend to them more closely
  • if the enviorment is complex and the distinction between field and object is blurry then u do not focus on the object
  • > also visa versa perception influences enviorment
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9
Q

What ist the defintion of culture, regarding Markus and Tomasello ?

A
  • Culture holds within it all the achievements of our ancestors so that
    we don’t have to start from scratch
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10
Q

What is cultural universality ?

(Give one example) !

A
  • it is a phenomena or multiple phenomensa which is common for all humans
  • Language
  • the capacity to process these phenomenas is given across the world
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11
Q

What is cultural relativsm ?

A
  • Not everyone has the sam capacity background knowledge to solve a task
  • (So people should be judged by the criteria of there own culture and not by someone else)
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12
Q

What is the Hudson task about ?

A
  • non literal kids and school kids had to describe a picture
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13
Q

How does culture impact memory (free recall)?

A
  • school system which taught there children to think in cluster had a better time to free recall -> America
  • But thinking in cluster is learnable
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14
Q

How does culture influence sorting/cotagorization regarding childreen ?

A
  • first they sort by unique characteristics then later on by function
  • no real impact of culture more a cross cultural think
  • external influences have more impact on sorting
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15
Q

What external influences increase sorting ability regarding childreen ?

A
  • Television
  • school (diff mathematical system 1-20 better in asia )
  • past experience
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16
Q

How is reasoning affected by culture ?

example use syllogism

A
  • the schooled person accepts the major premise (vorrausetzung)
  • the non schooled :
    1. refused to accept it
    2. Tend to rearrange them so conclusions can be formed from own knowledge
    3. could also be due to hollistiv vs analytical thinking
17
Q

How does culture affect cognition and cognitive development ? (Vygotsky)

A
  1. occurance and non occurance decide wheter u have to learn a skill or not
  2. culture determines frequency of tasks
  3. culture regulates difficulty of task
  4. culture determines which events go together
18
Q

Do school- systems have certain downside on our childreen ?

A
  • Yes

1. Less felxibility in reaching a solution

19
Q

What is cultural blindness ?

A
  • assuming that findings in own culture are in general true fro everyone
20
Q

What is meant by the affordances in the enviorment mean ?

A
  • both (america and chinese) find it easier to detect objects in the western world because the enviorment makes it easier
21
Q

Different neural network underlie the cultural differences ? What are the differnces in neural networking ?

A
  1. higher activity in left cortex
    - > activities are connecte to better self control, social perception
  2. W: higher activty in right gyrus and cortex
    - > activities are connected to self reflection and empathy for others
22
Q

What were the findings in the emperical paper ? (chimps,childreen and monkeys) ?

A
  • cummulative learning is only represented in humans
  • Childreen listens to verbal instructions imitation is possible, and have a prosocial tendencies
  • in contrast chimps were self serving
23
Q

What does weird people stand for ?

A
  • Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic societies
  • 5%
24
Q

What kind of strategies do western psychologist use and why are they not helpful regarding cross cultural interferenece ?

A
  • exposure therapies, play therapy, and various cognitive behavioral therapy
  • because of religion and gender difficulties -> start of gossip
25
Q

When did indvidualism arise ?

A
  • During Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Enlightenment in Western Europe
  • raising of self defining instad of pre determined
26
Q

What is the population of Weird people in the world ?

A
  • 5%
27
Q

Considering the nature vs nurture debate. How much does nature and how much does nurture influence our daily life ?

A
  • 50% and 50%
28
Q

How is culture generally determined ?

A
  • characteristic and knowledge of a particular group

- for example language, habits,beliefs

29
Q

How is perception influenced by culture ?

A
  • proof was determined by the hudson task
  • perception are based on past experience regarding cue interpretation
  • school kids described picture in more 3D ways cause that was the way they were taught to do so
  • non school kids 2D description
30
Q

What is meant by holistic thinking ?

A
  • focuses on the bigger picture and less on the small details to understand a system
31
Q

What is meant by analytic thinking ?

A
  • focuses more on the details instead of the bigger picture to understand a system
32
Q

What is meant by the Social interdependence/ social orientation hypothesis ?

A
  • social orientation (independence vs interdependence) can account for cultural differences in cognitive styles
33
Q

By which factors is independence and interdependence determined ?

A
  • ecology, socialisation, financial wealth and historical issues/threats
34
Q

How does the working class differ from the middle class regarding thinking ?

A
  • woring class more holistical thinking

- middel classe more analytic thinking

35
Q

What are the cognitive effects of schooling ?

A
  • practice thinking of abstarct topics
  • also it teaches how to explain there responses
  • people learn to think in a theoretical way

Complex cognition (9 decks)

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