chapter 3

Question 1

conceptual variable

Answer 1

something that you can’t see physically or directly but is still there
ex- love, happiness

Question 2

operationalizations

Answer 2

concept is real but how you get to it is operationalization

ex- number if times you smile

Question 3

two subsets of operationalizations

Answer 3

measurement = # of smiles to measure happiness
manipulation = manipulating how much happiness you feel, showing you a puppy (must have levels)

Question 4

association vs causation (correlation vs experiment)

Answer 4

correlation = scatterplots, correlation does not equal causation, measurement + measurement 
experiment = manipulation + measurement,  manipulate a variable then measure

Question 5

scatter plots

Answer 5

positive correlation= high goes with high and low goes with low
negative correlation = high goes with low & low goes with high
no correlation = no slope

Question 6

validity

Answer 6

appropriateness of a conclusion or decision

Question 7

construct validity

Answer 7

how well a conceptual variable os operationalizes - questions the arrow between the square & the circle
if it is really getting at the concept
ex- when you ask how well a study measures or manipulated a variable, you are interrogating the construct validity

Question 8

external validity

Answer 8

do these results apply outside the study

ex- doing a study in a lab lowers external validity because it isn’t very realistic

Question 9

statistical validity

Answer 9

do you results justify your conclusions

Question 10

internal validity

Answer 10

is the internal connection between conceptual variables really what it is looking for - circle to circle
ex- does personal space really effect arousal