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Surgery Platinum > 01 Head and Neck > Flashcards

01 Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Embryological structure which consists of pharyngeal grooves, pharyngeal arches, and pharyngeal pouches?

A

Branchial apparatus

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2
Q

Branchial apparatus?
Cartilage: Meckel cartilage, incus, malleus, sphenomandibular ligament, lingula of mandible
Artery: maxillary artery
Nerve: trigeminal nerve
Muscle: muscles of mastication, anterior belly of digastric, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor palatini
Pouch: pharyngotympanic tube

A

I

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3
Q

Branchial apparatus?
Cartilage: Reichert cartilage, stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser cornu, part of body of hyoid bone
Artery: stapedial artery
Nerve: facial nerve
Muscle: muscles of facial expression, stapedius muscle, stylohyoid muscle, posterior belly of digastric
Pouch: tonsils

A

II

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4
Q

Branchial apparatus?
Cartilage: greater cornu, part of body of hyoid bone
Artery: internal carotid artery
Nerve: glossopharyngeal nerve
Muscle: stylopharyngeus muscle
Pouch: thymus, inferior parathyroid gland

A

III

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5
Q

Branchial apparatus?
Cartilage: laryngeal cartilages
Artery: aortic arch, subclavian artery
Nerve: vagus nerve (superior laryngeal branch)
Muscle: cricothyroid, levator palatini, constrictors of the pharynx
Pouch: superior parathyroid gland

A

IV

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6
Q

Branchial apparatus?

Pouch: ultimobranchial body

A

V

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7
Q

Branchial apparatus?
Cartilage: cricoid cartilage, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
Artery: right and left pulmonary artery
Nerve: vagus nerve (recurrent laryngeal branch)
Muscle: intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

VI

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8
Q

Superior: hard palate
Inferior: portion of the tongue anterior to sulcus terminalis
Anterior: vermillion border of the lips
Posterior: anterior tonsillar pillars, junction of the hard and soft palate, circumvallate papillae

A

Oral cavity

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9
Q

Superior: skull base
Inferior: plane of the hard and soft palate
Lateral: torus tobarius, Eustachian tube, Rosenmuller fossa
Anterior: posterior nasal septum, choanae
Posterior: adenoids

A

Nasopharynx

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10
Q

Superior: hard palate – soft palate junction
Inferior: hyoid bone – vallecula

A

Oropharynx

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11
Q

Superior: hyoid bone – vallecula
Inferior: lower border of cricoid cartilage

A

Hypopharynx

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12
Q

Subsite of larynx?

Epiglottis, false cords, ventricles, aryepiglottic folds, arytenoids

A

Supraglottis

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13
Q

Subsite of larynx?

True vocal cords, anterior and posterior commisures

A

Glottis

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14
Q

Subsite of larynx?

Begins 10mm below the level of the free margin of the vocal cords, inferior edge of cricoid cartilage

A

Subglottis

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15
Q

Deep neck space?
Superior: base of the skull
Inferior: greater cornu of the hyoid bone
Medial: fascia of the tensor veli palatini and medial pterygoid muscles, pharyngobasilar fascia, superior constrictor muscle
Lateral: medial pterygoid muscle, mandible, deep lobe of the parotid gland, small portion of the digastric muscle posteriorly
Anterior: pterygomandibular raphe
Posterior: prevertebral fascia

A

Parapharyngeal space

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16
Q

Parapharyngeal space compartment?
Minor salivary glands, parotid gland (deep lobe), lymphatic tissue, internal maxillary artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, venous plexus, branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

A

Prestyloid compartment

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17
Q

Parapharyngeal space compartment?

Carotid artery, internal jugular vein, cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII, cervical symphatetic chain

A

Poststyloid compartment

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18
Q 
Deep neck space?
Superior: base of the skull
Inferior: superior mediastinum (T4)
Lateral: carotid sheath
Anterior: buccopharyngeal fascia
Posterior: alar fascia
Contents: retropharyngeal nodes
A

Retropharyngeal space

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19
Q

Potential space behind the retropharyngeal space where infections can easily spread down to the thorax?

A

Danger (alar) space

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20
Q 
Deep neck space?
Superior: base of the skull
Inferior: diaphragm
Anterior: alar fascia
Posterior: prevertebral fascia
A

Danger space

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21
Q

Triangle of the neck?
Superior: body of mandible
Posterior: sternocleidomastoid muscle
Anterior: midline

A

Anterior cervical triangle

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22
Q

Triangle of the neck?
Superior: inferior border of mandible
Posteroinferior: posterior belly of digastric
Anteroinferior: anterior belly of digastric
Contents: submandibular gland, submandibular duct, submandibular lymph nodes, CN XII, cervical mandibular branch of CN VII, submental branch of facial vessels

A

Submandibular or digastric triangle

23
Q 
Triangle of the neck?
Superior: mentum of mandible
Medial: midline of neck
Lateral: anterior bellies of digastric
Roof: skin and superficial fascia
Floor: mylohyoid
Contents: submental nodes
A

Submental triangle

24
Q

Triangle of the neck?
Superior: posterior belly of digastric
Anterior: superior belly of omohyoid
Posterior: sternocleidomastoid muscle
Roof: investing layer of deep cervical fascia
Floor: hyoglossus muscle, inferior constrictor of pharynx, thyrohyoid muscle, middle constrictor of the pharynx, longus capitus muscle
Contents: carotid sheath (common carotid, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve), lymph nodes (II, III, IV), branches of the external carotid artery, internal carotid artery, spinal accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve, ansa hypoglossi, cervical symphatetic trunks

A

Carotid triangle

25
Q

Triangle of the neck?
Superolateral: superior belly of omohyoid muscle
Inferolateral: sternocleidomastoid muscle
Medial: midline
Roof: investing layer of the deep fascia, strap muscles, cricothyroid
Floor: prevertebral fascia, prevertebral muscles, sternohyoid, sternothyroid
Contents: thyroid and parathyroid glands, trachea, esophagus, sympathetic nerve trunk

A

Muscular triangle

26
Q

Triangle of the neck?
Posterior: trapezius muscle
Anterior: sternocleidomastoid muscle
Inferior: clavicle
Roof: superficial investing layer of deep cervical fascia
Floor: prevertebral fascia and muscles, splenius capitus muscle, levator scapulae muscle, scalene anterior, medius, posterior
Contents: 3 trunks of brachial plexus, subclavian artery, subclavian vein, spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), phrenic nerve, cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus, cervical lymph nodes (V)

A

Posterior cervical triangle

27
Q

Residual thyroid tissue left behind during its descent that presents as a midline neck mass in children, moves up and down with swallowing or with protrusion of the tongue?

A

Thyroglossal duct cysts

28
Q

Management for thyroglossal duct cyst, en-bloc resection of the thyroglossal duct cyst, its tract up to its origin in the tongue, and central portion of hyoid bone?

A

Sistrunk procedure

29
Q

Persistence of a portion of branchial apparatus presenting as painless swelling in the region of the parotid gland, ear, or high in the sternocleidomastoid?

A

1st branchial cleft anomalies

30
Q

Persistence of a portion of branchial apparatus coursing from the skin to the tonsillar fossa?

A

2nd branchial cleft anomalies

31
Q

Persistence of a portion of branchial apparatus connecting the pyriform sinus to the skin?

A

3rd branchial cleft anomalies

32
Q

Sequestration of lymphatic tissue developing which do not communicate with the lymphatic system, resulting from maldevelopment and obstruction of lymphatic system, appearing soft, compressible and nontender masses usually located in the lateral or posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Cystic hygroma

33
Q

Sclerosing agents that may be used as intralesional injection for cystic hygroma?

A

OK-432, Bleomycin

34
Q

Life-threatening infection of the floor of the mouth, submental, sublingual, and submandibular spaces usually following an odontogenic infection, presenting with bilateral facial edema around the mandible and neck with dysphagia, odynophagia, dyspnea, pain?

A

Ludwig angina

35
Q

Most common facial fracture?

A

Nasal fracture

36
Q

Second most common facial fracture?

A

Mandibular fracture

37
Q

Most common sites of mandibular fracture?

A

Condylar process (36%), body (21%), angle (20%)

38
Q

Clear nasal drainage in patient with facial trauma with skull base fracture?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea

39
Q

Differential capillary action of CSF and blood on a white cloth or tissue?

A

Halo sign

40
Q

Confirmatory test for CSF rhinorrhea?

A

Beta-2 transferrin test

41
Q

Midline fracture: floating palate

Palate separated from maxilla, horizontal fracture through maxilla superior to maxillary dentition?

A

Le Fort I

42
Q

Midline fracture: floating maxilla

Maxilla separated from the face, pyramidal fracture through maxilla and orbit, outlining the nose?

A

Le Fort II

43
Q

Midline fracture: floating face

Complete craniofacial dysfunction, fracture of the facial bones from skull?

A

Le Fort III

44
Q

Most prevalent type of head and neck carcinoma?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

45
Q

Cervical lymph node level?
Superior: lower border of body of mandible
Posterior: posterior belly of digastric muscle
Inferior: hyoid bone

A

I – submental (Ia) and submandibular (Ib) triangles

46
Q

Cervical lymph node level?
Superior: base of skull
Anterior: posterior belly of digastric muscle
Posterior: posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Inferior: hyoid bone

A

II – upper jugular lymph nodes

47
Q

Cervical lymph node level?
Superior: hyoid bone
Anterior: posterior belly of digastric muscle
Posterior: posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Inferior: cricothyroid membrane

A

III – middle jugular lymph nodes

48
Q

Cervical lymph node level?
Superior: cricothyroid membrane
Anterior: lateral limit of sternohyoid muscle
Posterior: posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Inferior: clavicle

A

IV – lower jugular lymph nodes

49
Q

Cervical lymph node level?
Anterior: posterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle
Posterior: anterior border of trapezius
Inferior: clavicle

A

V – posterior triangle lymph nodes

50
Q

Cervical lymph node level?
Superior: hyoid bone
Inferior: suprasternal notch
Lateral: medial border of carotid sheath on either side of neck

A

VI – anterior compartment of neck

51
Q

Cervical lymph node level?

Superior: suprasternal notch

A

VII – superior mediastinal lymph nodes

52
Q

Type of neck dissection?

Removes levels I to V cervical lymphatics, spinal accessory nerve, internal jugular vein, sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

Radical neck dissection or Crile procedure

53
Q

Type of neck dissection?
Removes levels I to V cervical lymphatics, preserves spinal accessory nerve, internal jugular vein, and sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

Modified radical neck dissection

54
Q

Type of neck dissection?

Preserves lymphatics

A

Selective neck dissection

Surgery Platinum (2 decks)

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