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Cardio & Resp Questions > SFM Questions > Flashcards

SFM Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Primary lymphoid organs are

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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2
Q

Secondary Lymphoid organs do what

A

Recognise and activate

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3
Q

Adaptive immune system features

A

Specific
Memory
Antibody production

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4
Q

Innate immune system features

A

First line of defence
Birth
No memory
White blood cells

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5
Q

Name two antigen presenting cells

A

Dendritic and macrophages

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6
Q

What do nk cells do

A

Kill infected cells

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7
Q

Antibodies are specific to what

A

Epitope on antigen

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8
Q

MHC1 does what

A

Cytotoxic and release perforin

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9
Q

CD4 cell does what

A

B cell production

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10
Q

Histamine causes the capillaries to do what

A

Increase cap permeability

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11
Q

IGM feature

A

Good at complement and opsonisation

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12
Q

IGE

A

Parasitic and Allergy

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13
Q

IGA

A

Resist stomach

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14
Q

Which type of cell for class switch

A

Th2

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15
Q

What type of bond in complement activation

A

Disulphide

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16
Q

Appositional bone growth does what and from where

A

Increase width from periosteum

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17
Q

Interstitial bone growth does what from where

A

Increase length from epi plate

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18
Q

IC nerves supplied from which ramus

A

Ventral

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19
Q

Lumbar puncture adult

A

L3;4

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20
Q

Lumbar puncture child

A

L4/5

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21
Q

C1

A

Atlas

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22
Q

C2

A

Axis

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23
Q

C7

A

Vertebrae prominens

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24
Q

T3

A

Spine of Scapula

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25
Q

T7

A

Inferior angle scapula

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26
Q

L1/2

A

Summit iliac crest

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27
Q

S2

A

Dura mater

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28
Q

Spine terminate adult

A

L1/2

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29
Q

Spine terminate child

A

L2/3

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30
Q

Anterior body nerve supply

A

Ventral, Efferent, Limbs and body, motor

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31
Q

Posterior nerve supply

A

Dorsal, sensory, afferrent, not limbs

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32
Q

How many ribs

A

12

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33
Q

Thoracic duct where

A

Commences L1 Cistenra Chyli

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34
Q

Meninges bottom to top

A

Pia, arachnoid, dura.

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35
Q

G proteins - adenyl cyclase does what

A

Regulates pka

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36
Q

A1 does what to eye

A

Dilated pupils

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37
Q

B1 does what to heart

A

Increased heart rate

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38
Q

A2 does what to gastric

A

Inhibits gastric

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39
Q

B2 does what

A

Dilates airways

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40
Q

Agonist does what

A

Mimics normal

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41
Q

Antagonist does what

A

Blocks and causes high affinity, low efficacy

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42
Q

Ca2 comes from

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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43
Q

Black widow spider blocks what

A

Ca2

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44
Q

Botulinum toxin does what

A

Blocks vehicle fuision

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45
Q

Methyldopa does what

A

Inhibits presynaptics

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46
Q

Carbidopa blocks what

A

Na

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47
Q

Acetylcholine acts on what

A

Cholinergic receptors

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48
Q

Where can use glucose in terms of organs

A

Brain, nervous, testes, RBC

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49
Q

Pyruvate to acetyl coa where

A

Mitochondria

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50
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway produces

A

NADPH

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51
Q

What happens in Von Gierke disease

A

High liver glucose and low blood glucose

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52
Q

What happens in mccardles disease and treatment

A

High glucose
Cramps
Avoid stren exercise

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53
Q

What is produced from citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl Coa

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54
Q

Terminal respiration type of phosphorylation

A

Oxidative

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55
Q

Terminal respiration where

A

Eurkaryotic cell

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56
Q

Oxidation of fadh2 produces what atp

A

Decreased

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57
Q

Complex 1 terminal respiration

A

Ox NADH

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58
Q

Complex 2 terminal respiration

A

Ox FADH2

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59
Q

Complex3 Terminal resp

A

Cytochrome C

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60
Q

What joint does the triceps cross

A

Glenhumeral

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61
Q

Anterior muscle causes

A

Flexion

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62
Q

Posterior muscle. Causes

A

Extension

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63
Q

Mid muscle causes

A

Abduction

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64
Q

Muscle to bone is

A

Tendon

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65
Q

Bone to joint is

A

Ligament

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66
Q

Hyaline cartilage where

A

Between joints
Epiphyseal plate
Trachea

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67
Q

Wrist drop caused by

A

Posterior forearm

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68
Q

Foot drop caused by

A

Anterior foot

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69
Q

Involuntary muscle is

A

Skeletal

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70
Q

Voluntary muscle is

A

Skeletal

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71
Q

Name 3 monosaccharides

A

Glucose, galactose and fructose

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72
Q

Monosaccharide features

A

6 Carbon
Anomeric carbons
Reducing sugars

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73
Q

Disaccharides joined by what type of bond

A

Glycosidic monomers

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74
Q

Name 2 discharides

A

Maltose and lactose

Reducing sugars

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75
Q

Starch features

A

Non reducing

Amylose andmylopectin

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76
Q

Glycogen uses

A

Liver and skeletal muscle

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77
Q

Homopolysaccharide

A

Single

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78
Q

Heteropolysachcharide

A

2

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79
Q

Proteoglycans link

A

Covalent

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80
Q

What two are not digested

A

Cellulose and oligodendrocytes

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81
Q

Where does no digestion of carbs take place

A

Stomach

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82
Q

Final place carb digestion

A

Jejenum

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83
Q

Glycolysis type of phosphorylatiton

A

Substrate

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84
Q

Glycolysis net gain

A

2 atp and nadh per glucose

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85
Q

How many steps glycolysis

A

10

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86
Q

Cori cycle produces what

A

Lactate

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87
Q

Ketone bodies use excess what

A

Acetyl coa

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88
Q

Where uses ketones

A

Muscle

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89
Q

Where cannot use ketones

A

Brain

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90
Q

Where are ketones formed

A

Liver

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91
Q

Diabetic ketosis feature

A

Decreased insulin

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92
Q

Acetyl coa formed where

A

Mitochondria

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93
Q

Citrate shuttle

A

Moving acetyl coa from mitochondria

To cytoskeleton

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94
Q

Malonyl coa formation needs what

A

Acetyl coa carboxylate

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95
Q

Eicosanoid is precursor for what

A

Prostaglandin

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96
Q

Ketogenesis depends on

A

Acetyl coa

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97
Q

Omega 3 comes from

A

Linoleic acid

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98
Q

Humans can’t introduce double bonds beyond

A

Carbon 9

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99
Q

Statins

A

Decrease ldl

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100
Q

Saturated fa features

A

No double bonds, high TM

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101
Q

Saturated fa features

A

No double bonds, high tm

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102
Q

Unsaturated fa features

A

1 double bond, low tm

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103
Q

Cat1 deficiency

A

No betaxidation

Give iv glucose

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104
Q

Amipathic molecule feature

A

Head hydrophilic

Tail hydrophobic

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105
Q

Chylomicrons released by

A

Exocytosis

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106
Q

Chylomicrons in blood by

A

Tag and Lipase

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107
Q

B oxidation features

A

Produces acetyl coa, fadh2 and nadh
Carnitine shuttle outside to inside mitro
Dehydrogenase is fadh2
129 atp formed

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108
Q

Enzymes reaction equilibrium

A

Do not move this but can move towards

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109
Q

Enzymes spontaneous reactions

A

Increase these

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110
Q

Enzymes activation energy

A

Decrease this

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111
Q

Energy features

A

Never destroyed

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112
Q

Spontaneous reactions must use what type of free energy

A

Negative as enthalpy down and entropy up

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113
Q

Active site of enzyme must be

A

complementary to transition state

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114
Q

Line weaver burk is

A

Double reciprocal plot

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115
Q

Isoenzymes

A

Catalyse same reaction

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116
Q

Glucokinase

A

High km and vmax in liver

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117
Q

He Okinawa

A

Low vmax and km in muscle

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118
Q

Allosteric enzymes

A

Change vmax affinity for substrate

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119
Q

When substrate is higher than km

A

Zero order

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120
Q

When sub is lower than km

A

First order

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121
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

Decrease affinity and increase km

122
Q

Non comp inhibits

A

Decrease km

123
Q

Nitrogenase is inactivated by

A

Oxygen

124
Q

Transamination

A

Reversible glutamate

125
Q

To make alanine

A

Glutamate can donate ammonia to pyruvate

126
Q

Glucose alanine cycle produces

A

Urea

127
Q

Glutamate charge

A

Negative

128
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase can produce

A

Acetyl coa

129
Q

Tight junctions

A

Occluding

130
Q

Microvilli

A

Absorb

131
Q

Transitional epithelial where

A

Bladder

132
Q

Exocrine

A

Into tube eg*pancreas

133
Q

Endocrine

A

Into blood eg adrenals

134
Q

Langherhan cell

A

Immune

135
Q

Merkel cell respond to

A

Touch

136
Q

Hair origin

A

Dermis

137
Q

Nails origin

A

Stratum cornerm

138
Q

Meissiner copruscles responds to

A

Light touch

139
Q

Pacinian corpuscles respond to

A

Vibration.

140
Q

Short bone example

A

Carpal

141
Q

Long bone example

A

Femur

142
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down bones

143
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Build bone

144
Q

Osteocytes found where

A

Lacuinar

145
Q

Fluroscopy is

A

Continuous x Ray

146
Q

Endochorodrial bone formation from where

A

Epi growth plate

147
Q

Intramembranous bone growth from where

A

Mesenchymal cells

148
Q

Red blood cell life

A

120 days

149
Q

Platelet life

A

10 days

150
Q

Blood where

A

1 litre lungs
3 system
1 heart

151
Q

Plasma proteins features

A

Do not cross cap wall, generate oncotic pressure of 25mmhg

152
Q

Hydrostaticpressure

A

Move out

153
Q

Basophils

A

Release histamine

154
Q

Bacterial infection

A

Neutrophil

155
Q

Viral infection

A

Lymphocyte

156
Q

Total body water

A

42 litres

157
Q

How much water ecf

A

1/3

158
Q

How much water icf

A

2/3

159
Q

Trannscellular fluid

A

Csf

160
Q

Capillary wall

A

Permeable to everything except plasma protein

161
Q

How to measure plasma

A

Dyes/radioactive

162
Q

How to measure ecf

A

Insulin,sucrose

163
Q

How to measure tbw

A

Loading dose water

164
Q

Bicabonate buffer for

A

Plasma

165
Q

Brain protected by

A

Blood brain barrier

166
Q

ATP to ADP is

A

Condensation, anabolic, endergonic

167
Q

ADP to ATP is

A

Hydrolysis, exergonic and catabolic

168
Q

Electron motive force

A

Oxy of glucose

169
Q

DNA Bonds

A

TA
GC
AT
CG

170
Q

Blood hco3

A

Maintains blood ph

171
Q

Gap junctions where

A

Heart
Liver
Pancreas

172
Q

Protein modifications

A

Rer and Golgi

173
Q

Light atoms are

A

Strongest bond

174
Q

Primary protein

A

Amino acids, peptide bonds

175
Q

Pyrimidines rings

A

Single

176
Q

Purine rings

A

Double

177
Q

D glucose

A

Reducing sugar

178
Q

Nucleoside

A

No phosphate

179
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Covalent

180
Q

Denaturing proteins does what to digestion

A

Increases

181
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

182
Q

Translation

A

RNA to protein

183
Q

Van deer walls

A

Weak and non specific

184
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Strong and perm

185
Q

Disulphide bond

A

Strong between 2 cysteine

186
Q

Glycosylation where

A

Er and Golgi

187
Q

Scurvy

A

Low viT c, proline and lysine

188
Q

Eukaryotic is what

A

Human cell with mitochondria

189
Q

Prokaryotic cell lacks

A

Mitochondria, nucleus

190
Q

Anabolic is wha

A

Endergonic/energy absorbed

191
Q

Catabolic is. what

A

Exergonic/energy released

192
Q

Energy transformations cause what

A

Entropy to increase

193
Q

Spontaneous reactions never reach

A

Equilibrium

194
Q

Low activation energy means

A

Fast reaction

195
Q

Water is

A

Polar with hydrogen bonds

196
Q

Which molecules are not polar

A

02 and co2

197
Q

Pure water ph

A

7

198
Q

Ion kw product of water

A

1 x 10-7

199
Q

Hydrophoobic lipids transport

A

Chylomicrons in blood

200
Q

Acid is

A

Proton donor

201
Q

Base is

A

Proton acceptor

202
Q

Carboxylic acid is

A

Polar

203
Q

Triglyceride is

A

Non polar

204
Q

Phospholipid is

A

Polar

205
Q

Buffer iS

A

Weak acid

206
Q

Diffusion moves

A

High to low

207
Q

Active diffusion moves

A

Against gradient

208
Q

Ions use what as transport

A

Transport proteins

209
Q

Na is higher

A

Outside cell

210
Q

K is higher

A

Inside cel

211
Q

Na/k atpase

A

3 na out

2 k in

212
Q

Tonicity

A

Non pen particles

213
Q

Hypotonic

A

Cell swells

214
Q

Hypertonic

A

Cell shrinks

215
Q

Isotonic

A

No change

216
Q

Higher non pen than solute

A

Hypotonic

217
Q

Lower non pen than solute

A

Hypertonic

218
Q

Concentration same in cell and solute

A

Isotonic

219
Q

Urea

A

Penetrating molecules

220
Q

Ecf non pen solute

A

Na and. Ci

221
Q

Icf non pen solute

A

K

222
Q

Ecf can be measured by

A

Sucrose

223
Q

Muscle spindle monitors

A

Muscle length

224
Q

Stretch increases

A

Sensory nerves

225
Q

Knee jerk example of

A

Negative feedback

226
Q

Flexor withdrawal receptors

A

Nociceptors

227
Q

Cns system can do what in reflexes

A

Override voluntary movement

228
Q

Golgi tendon organ afferent fibres

A

Monitor tension

229
Q

Golgi tendon organ leads to

A

Decreased contraction with somatosensory cortex

230
Q

Adequate stimulus causes

A

Graded potential change

231
Q

Na influx causes

A

Depolarisation

232
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Body/limb

233
Q

High acuity reflex

A

Two signals

234
Q

Low acuity =

A

High convergence

235
Q

Lateral inhibition is

A

Precise location

236
Q

Remove capsule in reflex

A

Lose adaptation

237
Q

Meisserr corpuscles adaptation

A

Rapid

238
Q

Merkel disc adaptation

A

Slow

239
Q

Ruffin corpuscles

A

Respond to stretch

240
Q

Gamma efferent

A

Send signals away from cns

241
Q

Actin is

A

Thin filament

242
Q

Myosin is

A

Thick filament

243
Q

Caudal equina made from

A

Lumbar. And sacral

244
Q

Primary cartilage

A

Hyaline/immovable

245
Q

Secondary cartilage

A

Fibrocartilage

246
Q

Brachioradialis

A

Humerus
Flexion
Radius

247
Q

Metacarpals

A

Hand

248
Q

Where in adult production blood

A

Flat bone

249
Q

Where in child produces blood

A

Long bone

250
Q

Smooth muscle cross bridge

A

Increases ca2; actin causes contraction

251
Q

Excite/Contraction

A

Ca2, troponin, tropomyosin,

Hydrolysis of atp

252
Q

Slow oxidative fibres

A

Resist fatigue

253
Q

Faster glycolysic fibres

A

Tire quickly

254
Q

Constant length contraction

A

Isometric eg weight

255
Q

Contraction with short length

A

Isotonic eg run

256
Q

Single ap to muscle fibre

A

Twitch

257
Q

Parasympathetic pregang release

A

Acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors

258
Q

Parasympathetic postgang release

A

Acetylcholine on muscarinic

259
Q

Sympathetic pregang white ramus release

A

Acetylcholine on nicotinic

260
Q

Sympathetic post gang grey ramus release

A

Norepinephrine

261
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight flight

262
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest digest

263
Q

Sympathetic

A

Thoraco lumbar and coordinates

264
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Craniosacral and independent

265
Q

B2 receptors on eye

A

Dilate

266
Q

B2 on smooth muscle

A

Decreased

267
Q

Parasympathetic on gut

A

Increased motility

268
Q

A1 on parasympathetic hr

A

Decreased

269
Q

Involuntary muscle

A

Smooth, metabrotrophic, cardiac

270
Q

Voluntary muscle

A

Skeletal, ionotropic, somatic

271
Q

Blood brain barrier has

A

Tight junctionn

272
Q

Hyperkalaemia causes

A

Ventricular fibrillation

273
Q

Graded potential features

A

Decremental
Non prop
Short distance

274
Q

Ach\peptides

A

Inactivate by breakdown

275
Q

Schwann cells form myelin where

A

Pns

276
Q

Oligodendrocytes form myelin where

A

CNS

277
Q

Spider toxin

A

Blocks ca2

278
Q

Brain sections

A

Frontal anterior
Temporal bottom mid
Parietal top mid
Occipital back

279
Q

Dendrite

A

Receive info

280
Q

Axon hillock/initial segment

A

Trigger ap

281
Q

Fire action potential

A

When rmp is 55

282
Q

Stop action potential

A

Big graded potential

283
Q

EPSP

A

Make fire, open na/k, inotropic

284
Q

IPSP

A

Stop fire, open ci/k, metabrotropic

285
Q

Astrocytes found where

A

Blood brain glia

286
Q

Rmp reacts to

A

K permeability

287
Q

Depolarise

A

Open ca or na

288
Q

Hyperpolarise

A

Open k or ci

289
Q

AP features

A

Long distance
All or none
Self propagated

290
Q

How many pairs spinal nerves

A

31

291
Q

How many pairs cranial nerves

A

12

292
Q

Sympathetic thoracic synapse where

A

In chain

293
Q

Sympathetic abdomen synapse

A

On organ

294
Q

Splanchic nerves

A

T1-4

295
Q

Brachial plexus

A

C5-8 and T1

296
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

L1-S4

297
Q

T2

A

Sternomanubrial

298
Q

Somatic supplies

A

Voluntary, Skeleton with 1 synapse

299
Q

ANS supplies

A

Involuntary and glands with 2 synapses

300
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

L1-S4

Cardio & Resp Questions (3 decks)

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