Chapter 10

Question 1

Attitudes

Answer 1

One’s psychological representations and evaluations of various features of the social world.

Question 2

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 2

Psychological tensions caused by the perceived mismatch (dissonance) between

(1) attitudes and behaviour,
(2) two or more decisions, or
(3) two or more attitudes.

Question 3

Cohesiveness

Answer 3

All forces acting on group members to cause them to remain part of a group, including mutual attraction, interdependence and shared goals

Question 4

Compliance

Answer 4

Doing or saying what others (tell you to) say or do.

Question 5

Conformity

Answer 5

A form of social influence in which individuals change their attitudes or/and behaviour to adhere to existing social norms.

Question 6

Dogmatism

Answer 6

The tendency to be closed minded, rigid, and inflexible in one’s opinions and subsequent behaviour.

Question 7

Embeddedness

Answer 7

The degree to which individuals and groups are enmeshed.

Question 8

Group

Answer 8

Two or more individuals forming a complete unit in a composition.

Question 9

Group Polarization

Answer 9

The tendency of group members to shift, as a result of group discussion, toward more extreme positions than those they initially held.

Question 10

Groupthink

Answer 10

The tendency of members of groups to adhere to the shared views so strongly that they ignore information inconsistent with those views.

Question 11

Identification

Answer 11

The process wherein the individual so strongly feels that they are a member of a group that they adopt its opinions, attitudes and values.

Question 12

Norms

Answer 12

Rules within a group indicating how its members should and should not behave.

Question 13

Obedience

Answer 13

A form of social influence in which one person simply orders one or more people to perform some action.

Question 14

Power

Answer 14

The capacity or ability of an individual to exercise control and/or authority.

Question 15

Roles

Answer 15

The sets of behaviours that individuals occupying specific positions within a group are expected to perform.

Question 16

Sanctions

Answer 16

Actions that reward those who follow the norms (positive sanctions) and punish those who disobey them (negative sanctions).

Question 17

Self-Centred Bias

Answer 17

The tendency to take credit for successes and avoid responsibility for failures.

Question 18

Social Attribution

Answer 18

The process through which we seek to explain and identify the causes of the behaviour of others as well as our own actions.

Question 19

Social Cognition

Answer 19

The process through which we interpret, remember, and then use information about the social world.

Question 20

Social Facilitation

Answer 20

Effects on performance resulting from the presence of others.

Question 21

Social influence

Answer 21

Efforts on the part of one person to alter the behaviour or attitudes of one or more people.

Question 22

Social Loafing

Answer 22

The tendency of some group members to exert less effort on a task than they would if they worked alone.

Question 23

Social Perception

Answer 23

The process through which we seek to know and understand other people and ourselves.

Question 24

Status

Answer 24

Relative social (formal or informal) position or rank within a group.

Question 25

Stereotypes

Answer 25

Traits or characteristics generally attributed to all members of specific groups.

Question 26

Unassuming Bias

Answer 26

The tendency to explain one’s own success as a result of external factors and one’s failure as a result of personal mistakes ro weakness.

Question 27

Value

Answer 27

A complex belief that reflects a principle, standard or quality considered by the individual as the most desirable or appropriate.