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COB Epidemiology > Lec 2-4. Descriptive Epi & measures of disease frequency > Flashcards

Lec 2-4. Descriptive Epi & measures of disease frequency Flashcards

1
Q

Define case definitions

A

a set of uniform criteria used to define a disease/condition for public health surveillance

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2
Q

What is the most critical element that must be defined before any of the ‘Who’ of descriptive epi can be acquired?

A

Case definition.

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3
Q

What does a cluster mean?

A

Occurrence of disease in a very small population. Smaller than outbreak.

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4
Q

Define Endemic

A

location that already has a higher than normal frequency of disease but that is their baseline.

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5
Q

Define epidemic

A

Occurrence of disease clearly in excess of normal. Population is bigger than outbreak.

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6
Q

What is the NNDSS?

A

CDC’s National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System

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7
Q

What is the Incubation period?

A

Time between exposure & onset of disease. Basically pt exposed and disease process starts. Doesn’t know if pt feels it or not.

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8
Q

What is the Induction period?

A

Time between exposure & onset of disease. Basically pt exposed and disease process starts. Doesn’t know if pt feels it or not.

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9
Q

What is the Latency period?

A

Time between onset & disease detection. Basically how long does it take for someone to find it out.

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10
Q

Define Outbreak

A

Epidemic limited to a localized increase in occurrence of disease. Bigger than cluster, smaller than epidemic.

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11
Q

Define Pandemic

A

Epidemic spread world-wide.

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12
Q

Define epidemic curve

A

Graphical representation incorporating all 3 elements of descriptive epi. Person place time.

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13
Q

What things do epidemic curves visually demonstrate?

A

Magnitude & timing, and pattern of disease occurrence.

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14
Q

what does Magnitude and timing of disease occurrence mean pertaining to an epi curve?

A

Magnitude: numerical, we can see numbers. The bar gets taller more cases are being counted. Time: hours, days, months on the speed or aggressiveness of an illness.

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15
Q

Define a sentinel or index case

A

The first case.

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16
Q

What are two sub categories of Pattern of disease pertaining to an epi curve.

A

Common/point source (continuous & intermittent) and propagated source.

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17
Q

Define common/ point source (continuous & intermittent)

A

Not person-to-person spread, by a point source.

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18
Q

Define propagated source

A

person-to-person spread

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19
Q

What three hypotheses can the epi curve form?

A

Routes of transmission, probable exposure period, and incubation period.

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20
Q

Why can a disease be categorized as intermittent?

A

Disease is short lived

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21
Q

What are the 3 basic types of relative measures of disease frequencies?

A

Proportions, ratios and rates

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22
Q

Define proportions

A

Simple percentage, part over whole. Division of 2 RELATED numbers. Numerator is a subset of the denominator.

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23
Q

Define ratios

A

Division of 2 unrelated numbers. Numerator is not part of the denominator.

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24
Q

Define rates

A

A proportion (%) with TIME incorporated into the denominator.

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25
Q

What are 3 key factors in comparing measures of Disease frequency BETWEEN groups

A

How many people affected, size of the source population population, and the length of time following that population for that disease to occur.

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26
Q

What do you do when the size of the source population and length of time the population is followed are not the same between populations?

A

Standardize

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27
Q

What two terms describe disease frequency?

A

Incidence and prevalence

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28
Q

Define incidence

A

New cases of disease.

29
Q

Prevalence

A

Existing cases of disease + New cases of disease.

30
Q

True or False? Prevalence and incidence are both proportions.

A

True

31
Q
A

Continuing source outbreak

32
Q
A

Common/point source no propogation, no sentinal case.

33
Q
A

Common/point source with index case and limited spread

34
Q
A

Common/point source. intermittent outbreak

35
Q
A

Propagated with index case

36
Q

What are the 5 core functions of the discipline of Epidemiology?

A

Identify patterns/trends, determine extent, study natural course, identify the causes of or risk factors of health related events, evaluating effectiveness of measures

37
Q

What is the formula for Incidence?

A

of NEW cases of illness/ # of ppl at RISK of illness

38
Q

What is cumulative incidence?

A

Summed over multiple time periods. As Incidence goes UP then the denominator goes DOWN

39
Q

What are key words for Incidence questions?

A

Attack rate or Risk

40
Q

What is the equation for Incidence Rate?

A

of NEW cases of disease/ Person-TIME at risk for disease

41
Q

What is a fixed population?

A

Stable not changing population

42
Q

What is a dynamic population?

A

Constantly changing population

43
Q

What is the equation for prevalence?

A

of existing cases of disease/ # of ppl in population

44
Q

What is point prevalence?

A

Prevalence at a given time. Example: specific day

45
Q

What is period prevalence?

A

Prevalence over a given period time. Example: year, month

46
Q

What is the eq for Case-Fatality rate?

A

of cause-specific deaths/ # of cases of disease

47
Q

What is the eq for cause-specific survival rate?

A

of cause specific cases alive/ # of cases of disease

48
Q

What is the eq for proportional Mortality Rate?

A

of cause specific deaths/ total # of deaths in population

49
Q

What is the eq for Live birth rate?

A

of live births/ 1,000 population

50
Q

What is the eq for Fertility Rate?

A

of live births/ 1,000 women of child bearing age

51
Q

What is the eq for Neonatal Mortality Rate?

A

of deaths in those <28 days old/1,000 live births

52
Q

What is the eq for Postnatal Mortality Rate?

A

of deaths in those greater than or equal of 28 days but younger than 1 yr/ 1,000 live births

53
Q

What is the eq for Infant Mortality Rate?

A

of deaths in those less than 1 yr old/ 1,000 live births

54
Q

What is the eq for Maternal Mortality Ratio?

A

of female deaths related to pregnancy/ 100,000 live births

55
Q

What is the eq for infectivity?

A

infected/ # at risk

56
Q

What is the eq for Pathogenicity?

A

with clinical disease/ # infected

57
Q

What is the eq for Virulence?

A

of deaths/ with infectious disease

58
Q

Define Morbidity

A

how many sick

59
Q

Define Mortality

A

how many died

60
Q

What is the eq for crude morbidity rate?

A

of ppl with disease/ # of persons in population

61
Q

What is the eq for crude mortality rate?

A

of all deaths/ # of persons in population

62
Q

What is the eq for cause-specific morbidity rate?

A

of people with cause specific disease/ # of persons in population

63
Q

What is the eq for cause-specific mortality rate?

A

of case specific deaths/ # of person in population

64
Q

What does CDC stand for?

A

Center for Disease Control

65
Q

What does MMWR stand for?

A

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

66
Q

What does WHO stand for?

A

World Health Organization

67
Q

What is the eq for survival rate?

A

those who survived/ all affected

68
Q

What is secondary attack rate?

A

measure of frequency of new cases of disease among the contacts of known cases

69
Q
A

COB Epidemiology (15 decks)

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