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Drupal Site Builder > Understanding Drupal > Flashcards

Understanding Drupal Flashcards

1
Q

What is a content management system?

A
  • Software tool that lets users add, publish, edit or remove content from a website using a web browser.
  • Written in scripting language, scripts run on computer with database and web server installed.
  • Content and settings stored in database & for each page request that comes to web server, scripts combine information to build pages of website.
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2
Q

What stack is Drupal based on?

A

LAMP stack

  • Linux OS
  • Apache web server
  • MySQL database
  • PHP scripting language
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3
Q

What is Drupal?

A

Flexible CMS with modular design allowing features to be added and removed using modules, and allowing the look and feel of the site to be changed using themes.

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4
Q

What does the Drupal core download contain?

A

PHP scripts needed to run the basic CMS functionality, optional modules and themes, JavaScript, CSS and images assets.

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5
Q

Which web servers can Drupal run on?

A

Apache, Nginx or IIS

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6
Q

Which databases can Drupal run on?

A

MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite or MySQL compatible replacement eg MariaDB or Percona

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7
Q

Can you use another scripting language?

A

No, the scripts the software uses are written in PHP, so that cannot be changed

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8
Q

Why might you choose to use Drupal CMS?

A
  • Online editing, uniformity, and more complex features requiring a database
  • General purpose CMS, if your site falls outside intended purpose of special-purpose CMS it may be complicated to adapt.
  • Better than building own CMS-type software. Drupal has thousands of developer hours behind it, including many years of user testing, bug fixing and security hardening.
  • Drupal is free and has a less restrictive software licence than other CMS.
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9
Q

What is a module?

A

A set of PHP, JavaScript and/or CSS files that extends site features and adds functionality. Each module installed adds to the time needed to generate pages on your site.

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10
Q

Where can you view modules on the site?

A

Manage -> Extend

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11
Q

Which core module manages basic content?

A

Node module

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12
Q

What is a theme?

A

A set of files that define the visual look and feel of the site. Determines the HTML markup and CSS styling that wraps the site content.

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13
Q

What are distributions?

A

Distributions provide site features and functions for a specific type of site as a single download containing the core software, contributed modules, themes and pre-defined configuration.

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14
Q

What are the two types of distributions?

A
  • Full-featured distributions

- Quick start tools

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15
Q

What is a full-featured distribution?

A

Complete solution to set up a site for specialised purpose i.e. academic, business, government, social etc.

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16
Q

What four types of data are held on the site?

A
  • Content: Information meant to be displayed to visitors, relatively permanent but can normally be edited
  • Configuration: Used to define how site behaves or is displayed. Relatively permanent. Sometimes displayed to visitors (e.g. field labels).
  • State: Temporary about current state of site e.g. time cron last run
  • Session: Information about individual visitors’ interactions with the site e.g. whether logged in, cookies. Technically subtype of State as temporary.
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17
Q

What is Free and Open Source Software?

A

FOSS is software that is developed by a community of people, released under a non-commercial license and whose source code is freely available.

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18
Q

What is the Drupal Project?

A

A FOSS whose purpose is to develop the core CMS software as well as modules, additional themes, translations, documentation, and special-purpose distributions.

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19
Q

What is the Drupal Association?

A

Non-profit organisation dedicated to supporting the Drupal project and community.

20
Q

What license does Drupal fall under? What does this mean?

A

GNU General Public License (GPU) version 2 or later. Means free to download, reuse, modify, and distribute any files part of a project on Drupal.org. Can also run the core software in combination with any code with a license compatible with version 2 or 3.

21
Q

Which guidelines should Drupal contributors follow?

A
  • All files part of a project on Drupal.org have to be under GPL v2 or later
  • All contributors can retain copyright of their code, but agree to release it under the same licence as Drupal.
  • Drupal modules and themes are a derivative work of Drupal, should be distributed under the terms of GPL v2 or later.
  • All content on Drupal.org is copyrighted by its origin contributors and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license 2.0
  • Sample code on Drupal.org also available under GPL v2 or later.
22
Q

What is a region?

A

Each site contains a set of named regions where site builders may place their content e.g. Header, Content, Sidebar. The regions available depend on the theme design, however the Content region is always required.

23
Q

Which regions are provided in the core Bartik theme?

A

Secondary menu, Header, Primary menu, Highlighted, Featured top, Breadcrumb, Content, Sidebar first, Sidebar second, Featured bottom first, Featured bottom second, Featured bottom third, Footer first, Footer second, Footer third, Footer fourth, Footer fifth.

24
Q

What is a content entity?

A

An item of content data, consisting of text, HTML markup, images, attached files or other data intended to be displayed to visitors. Can be defined by core software or modules.

25
Q

What are entity types?

A

Groups of entities with different purposes and displayed in different ways on the site. Most are also divided into entity sub-types, allowing for smaller variations in how entities used and displayed.

26
Q

Give some examples of entity types

A
  • Content item
  • Comment
  • User profile
  • Custom block
  • Taxonomy term
  • File
  • Contact form
27
Q

Give some examples of entity sub-types

A
  • Content type
  • Comment type
  • Block type
  • Vocabulary
  • Form type
28
Q

What is a field?

A

Within entity items, data is stored in individual fields, each of which holds one type of data e.g. plain text, images etc. Field types can be defined by core software or modules. They are added to entity sub-types so that all entity items of a particular sub-type have the same field collection available.

29
Q

What is modular content?

A

Content of site stored in database so certain pages of site can be generated automatically from other content items and smaller sections can also be generated as composites. Key idea is that each piece of information is only edited in one place. Views module is usual way to use modular content to create composite pages and page sections.

30
Q

What is an editorial workflow?

A

The process organisations follow to create, review, edit, and publish content. Multiple people in different roles can be part of the process.

31
Q

What tools does Drupal have to manage workflows?

A
  • Published/Unpublished status: Content item entities
  • Revision tracking
  • The core Workflows module lets you define workflow states or transitions. Content Moderation core module lets you assign permissions and roles to the workflow transitions.
  • Block placement: Custom block content entity lets you create a custom block that is only visible on the site once it’s ready.
32
Q

What can be translated on a Drupal site?

A
  • User interface text: typically download translations rather than write yourself. Need core Interface Translation module and core Update Manager module to automatically download translations
  • Configuration text: after creating in the default language of your site you can translate into other languages. Translation of default config supplied by core, modules and themes is included in downloads of user interface text translations. Need core Configuration Translation module.
  • Content text and files: after creating content in one language, you can translate it into other languages. You can configure each field to be translatable or not. Require core Content Translation module.
33
Q

What is Semantic Versioning

A

Three numbers in version number rather than 2 e.g. 8.2.6.
Major version.Minor version.Patch
Requires API.

34
Q

If you do a bug fix on version 8.2.6 of Drupal, what will the new version be?

A

8.2.7

35
Q

If a new feature is added to version 8.2.6 of Drupal, what will the new version be?

A

8.3

36
Q

If the version of Drupal goes from 8.2.6 to 9.0.0, what does this signify?

A

A major change has been made that has broken the API.

37
Q

What are the benefits of Semantic Versioning?

A
  • Clearer compatibility/dependencies
  • Encourages well-defined APIs
  • Makes upgrade decisions clearer
38
Q

How much disk space do the base files for the core software take up?

A

About 100MB

39
Q

What is the minimum version of PHP required for running the site?

A

PHP 7.2 or higher

40
Q

What is the minimum PHP memory size required for running the site? What can increase the memory requirement?

A

Minimum 64MB.

Running multiple modules or using memory intensive PHP based command line tools e.g. Composer.

41
Q

What version of Apache is required and what settings are required for it to work as a web server?

A

Version 2.x
OS requires Apache mod_rewrite module installed and enabled.
Apache VirtualHost configuration must contain the directive AllowOverride All to allow the .htaccess file to be used.

42
Q

What is the minimum version of MySQL required?

A

5.5.3 or higher

43
Q

What are the advantages of using command line tools such as Drush and Drupal Console?

A
  • Admin tasks typically faster & less tedious that UI
  • Can write scripts that combine site-related commands with other commands on the server to automate more complicated tasks
  • Provide additional functionality not available via UI, e.g. running database queries.
44
Q

What is Composer used for?

A

Tool for managing PHP dependencies. It manages the process of downloading and installing libraries as specified by the developer. Can be used to install compatible versions of the external libraries required by core.

45
Q

What is the Composer command to download the core Drupal software?

A

composer create-project drupal-composer/drupal-project:8.x-dev drupal8 –no-interaction

46
Q

What is the Composer command to download a module or theme?

A

composer require drupal/module_short_name

Drupal Site Builder (3 decks)

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