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Microbiology > Gram Negative Bac > Flashcards

Gram Negative Bac Flashcards

1
Q

Encapsulated

Ferments maltose and glucose

A

N. meningitidis

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2
Q

Insignificant capsule

Ferments glucose only

A

N. gonorrhea

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3
Q

culture-negative subacute bacterial endocarditis

A

Eikenella corrodens and Kingella kingae

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4
Q

Enriched chocolate agar

Polyribitol Phosphate capsule

A

Haemophilus

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5
Q

Borget-Gengou Agar
Regan-Lowe medium
Whooping cough

A

Bordetella pertussis

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6
Q

Poorly gram staining
Silver stain
Charcoal yeast agar
AIrconditioning

A

Legionella

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7
Q

Lactose fermenters - Fasy

Green sheen

A

E. coli

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8
Q

Lactose fermenters
Urease positive
ESBL

A

Klebsiella

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9
Q

Comma-shaped
Microaerophilic
Skirrow’s agar

A

Campylobacter

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10
Q

Comma-shaped
Urease positive
Microaerophilic

A

H. pylori

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11
Q

Motile
Oxidase negative
H2S producer

A

Salmonella

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12
Q

Non-motile
Oxidase negative
H2S non-producer

A

Shigella

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13
Q

Swarming
Oxidase negative
H2S producer

A

Proteus mirabilis

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14
Q

Oxidase positive
H2S non-producer
Obligate aerobe

A

Pseudomonas

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15
Q

High carriage rate in CLOSE QUARTERS:
 Military recruits
 Dormitories
 Camps

A

N. meningitidis

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16
Q

Ferments both MALTOSE and GLUCOSE

A

N. meningitidis

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17
Q

Oxidase-positive colonies on chocolate agar

A

N. meningitidis

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18
Q

Grows best in high

CO2 environment

A

N. meningitidis

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19
Q

associated with epidemics of meningitis

A

N. meningitidis serotype A,B,C

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20
Q

causes blood vessel destruction

(hemorrhage) and sepsis

A

Endotoxin (LPS)

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21
Q

cleaves IgA

A

IgA protease

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22
Q

Have unique proteins that can extract iron from transferrin, lactoferrin and hemoglobin

A

N. meningitidis

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23
Q

allow attachment to human nasopharyngeal cells and undergo antigenic variation to avoid attack by the immune system

A

Pili

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24
Q

MENINGITIS:

 most common cause among aged 2-18 yrs

A

N. meningitidis

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25
Q

 dissemination of meningococci into the bloodstream
 multiorgan disease
 consumptive coagulopathy
 petechial or purpuric rash (purpura fulminans)

A

Meningococcemia

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26
Q

 most severe form of meningococcemia

A

Waterhouse - Friderichsen Syndrome

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27
Q

adrenal insufficiency  bilateral hemorrhagic destruction of the adrenal glands

A

Waterhouse - Friderichsen Syndrome

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28
Q

DOC for the treatment of meningococcal meningitis and septicemia

A

Ceftriaxone/ Cefotaxime

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29
Q

prophylaxis
of close contacts of
infected persons in meningococcemia

A

Rifampin/ Ciprofloxacin

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30
Q

contains capsular polysaccharide of strains ________________ coupled to a carrier protein (diphtheria toxoid) to enhance immunogenicity

A

W 135, A, C,Y

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31
Q

bean-shaped diplococcus

A

N. meningitidis

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32
Q 
Cell wall contains
cytochrome oxidase
which oxidizes dye
tetramethylphenylene
diamine from colorless
to deep pink
A

C. meningitidis

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33
Q

Culture media for Neisseria Selective media:
prevents growth of
bacteria

A

C. meningitidis

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34
Q

(+) in Meningococci

(-) in Gonococci

A

Polysaccharide capsule and Vaccine

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35
Q

Facultative-anaerobe

Ferments GLUCOSE only

Oxidase-positive

Grows best in high
CO2 environment

A

N. gonorrhea

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36
Q

 Adherence to epithelial cells
 Antigenic variation
 Antiphagocytic, binds bacteria tightly to host cell protecting it from phagocytosis

A

Pili

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37
Q

promote

invasion into epithelial cells

A

Outer Membrane Porins

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38
Q

Adherence and invasion, Opaque colonies

A

Opa proteins

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39
Q

Endotoxin: lipooligosaccharide (LOS)

A

N. gonorrhea

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40
Q
  • urethritis and epididymitis in men
A

N. gonorrhea

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41
Q
  • most common cause of urethritis
A

N. gonorrhea

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42
Q
  • in women, which can progress to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
A

N. gonorrhea

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43
Q

Complication of PID: violin-string adhesions

A

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome

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44
Q
  • the most common cause of septic arthritis in sexually active individuals
A

N. gonorrhea

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45
Q
  • purulent conjunctivitis in newborns (Opthalmia neonatorum)
A

N. gonorrhea

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46
Q

DOC N. gonorrhea

A

Ceftriaxone plus Doxycycline (to cover for Chlamydia trachomatis – usual co-infection))

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47
Q

to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum

A

Erythromycin

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48
Q

Kidney bean-shaped doughnut

Gram-negative diplococci

A

N. gonorrhea

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49
Q

most common cause of hyperacute

bacterial conjunctivitis

A

N. gonorrhea

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50
Q

Most common site of asymptomatic gonococcal infection in women:

A

Endocervix

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51
Q

Satellite growth around S. aureus colonies

A

Haemophilus influenza

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52
Q

requires two factors for growth (both found in blood):
X factor: Hematin
V factor: NAD+

A

Haemophilus influenza

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53
Q

Most virulent type of Influenza

A

HiB

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54
Q

 Most serious manifestation of Hib infection

A

Encapsulated Haemophilus influenza meningitis

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55
Q

 Complications: sensorineural hearing loss (6%), mental retardation, seizure, deafness, and death

A

Encapsulated Haemophilus influenza meningitis

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56
Q

Most common cause of acute epiglottitis

A

HiB

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57
Q

Bucal, Periorbital Cellulitis

A

Haemophilus influenza

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58
Q

DOC Haemophilus Influenza

A

Amoxicillin +/− clavulanate - mucosal infections

Ceftriaxone - Meningitis

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59
Q

Otitis Media in Children

A

Moraxella

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60
Q

DOC Moraxella

A

Azithromycin or Clarythromycin

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61
Q

High CO2

A

Neiserria spp, Haemophilus

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62
Q

Positive Quellung

A

Haemophilus influenza (with Strep pneumo)

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63
Q

 pili rod that extends from the surface of B. pertussis, enabling the bacteria to bind to ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchi
 mediates attachment

A

Filamentous Hemaglutinin

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64
Q 
	causes ADP ribosylation
	activates G proteins that increases cAMP resulting in: 
-	 sensitivity to histamine
-	 insulin release 
-	 number of lymphocytes in blood
A

Pertussis Toxin

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65
Q

 “weakens” neutrophils lymphocytes and monocytes

 inhibits phagocytosis

A

Extracytoplasmic Adenylate cyclase

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66
Q

 kills ciliated epithelial cells
 paralyze cilia
 causes whooping

A

Tracheal cytotoxin

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67
Q

Most contagious phase of Whooping cough

A

Catarrhal phase

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68
Q

Phase wherein antibiotics is most effective

A

Catarrhal Phase

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69
Q

Culture Media: Bordatella pertussis

A

Bordet gengou

Regan Lowe

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70
Q

Calcium alginate swab

A

B. pertussis

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71
Q

Freshwater amoebae appear to be the natural reservoir for the organisms.

A

Legionella

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72
Q

Airconditioning

A

Legionella

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73
Q

L cysteine and iron

A

Legionella

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74
Q

Charcoal Yeast Agar

A

Legionella

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75
Q

Optimal Temp 28 C - 40 C

A

Legionella

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76
Q

Facultative intracellular parasite

A

Legionella

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77
Q

Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase-peroxidase

A

Legionella

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78
Q

RNAase, phospholipase A and phospholipase C

A

Legionella

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79
Q

Endotoxin is sole virulence factor

A

Legionella

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80
Q

Pontiac River Disease

A

Legionella

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81
Q

Atypical pneumonia

A

Legionella

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82
Q

DOC Legionella

A

Azithromycin
Levofloxacin
Doxycycline

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83
Q

Silver Stain

A

Legionella

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84
Q

Urine Serotype 1

A

L. pneumophilia serogroup 1

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85
Q

Lactose-fermenting colonies on EMB or MacConkey’s agar

A

E. coli

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86
Q

Green metallic sheen on EMB agar

A

E coli

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87
Q

TSI (Triple Sugar Iron) agar shows acid slant and acid butt with gas but no H2S

A

E. coli

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88
Q

Fimbriae (pili): attachment/ colonization factor; causes cystitis and pyelonephritis

A

E coli

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89
Q

Capsule (K-antigen): causes pneumonia

A

E coli

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90
Q

Siderophore: obtains iron from human transferrin or lactoferrin

A

E coli

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91
Q

Endotoxins
 Lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
 Causes septic shock

A

E coli

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92
Q

LT (heat-labile):

 increases cAMP (same as cholera toxin)

A

E coli

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93
Q

ST (heat-stable)

 Increases cGMP

A

E coli

94
Q

 inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating the 60S subunit of eukaryotic cells (E. coli O157:H7, STEC, EHEC)

A

Shiga like toxin

95
Q
  • releases LT and ST toxins

- traveler’s diarrhea (watery)

A

ETEC

96
Q
  • Watery diarrhea of long duration
  • Mostly in infants, often in developing countries
  • Flattens villi  prevents absorption
A

EPEC (Plattens)

97
Q
  • Bloody diarrhea

- with pus in the stool and fever

A

EIEC

98
Q

E coli UTI DOC

A

Ampicillin/ Sulfonamides

99
Q

E coli meningitis and sepsis

A

3rd Gen cephalosporins

100
Q

Typing by O and H antigens

A

E coli (e.g. EColi O157:H7)

101
Q

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

A

HUS

102
Q

Invades submucosa of intestinal tract (distal ileum and colon), but not the lamina propria

A

Shigella

103
Q

Invasion of M cells is key to pathogenicity.

A

Shigella

104
Q

 inactivates the 60S ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis and killing intestinal epithelial cells

A

Shiga toxin

105
Q

 Fever and abdominal cramps  diarrhea (initially watery then bloody)

A

Bacillary dysentery

106
Q

DOC Shigella

A

Ciprofloxacin

107
Q

Culture Media for Shigella

A

XLD

108
Q

4Fs of Shigella Transmission:

A

Finger Food Feces Flies

109
Q

Produces H2S

Non-lactose fermenter

A

Salmonella

110
Q

Vi Antigen

A

Salmonella - protects from intracellular killing

111
Q

Stepwise Fever

A

Typhoid week 1

112
Q

Rose Spots

A

Typhoid week 2

113
Q

Bleeding ileitis

A

Typhoid week 3

114
Q

Gold standard for the diagnosis of typhoid fever

A

Bone Marrow Culture

115
Q

 Commonly seen in patients with sickle cell anemia or cancer

A

S. choleraesuis

116
Q

DOC Salmonella

A

 Amoxicillin
 Chloramphenicol
 TMP-SMX

117
Q

Widal Test

A

Salmonella

118
Q

 Predilection for invasion of the gallbladder

A

Typhoid Fever

119
Q

 Organisms enter, multiply in Peyer’s patches, and then spread to RES

A

Typhoid fever

120
Q

Contaminated raw seafood

A

V. parahemolyticus

121
Q

Trauma to skin, especially in shellfish handlers,

A

V. vulnificus

122
Q

Shooting Star motility

A

Vibrio

123
Q

digest mucous layer so V. cholerae can attach to cells

A

Mucinase

124
Q

like LT of E. coli, acts by ADP ribosylation;

 cAMP,  secretion of electrolytes from the intestinal epithelium  secretory diarrhea

A

Cholera enteroToxin

125
Q

 Washer woman’s hands sign

A

Cholera

126
Q

 Tetracycline or Azithromycin shortens duration

A

Cholera

127
Q

V. parahemolyticus / Vulnificus

A

 Minocycline plus Fluoroquinolone or Cefotaxime

128
Q

Cholera Agar

A

TCBS

129
Q

histologic damage to the mucosal surfaces of the jejunum

A

Campylobacter

130
Q

Undercooked chicken, unpasteurized milk

A

Campylobacter

131
Q

 Most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis

A

Campylobacter

132
Q

Guillain Barre

A

Campylobacter

133
Q

Reiter’s Syndrome Triad (Reactive Arthritis)

A

Uveitis
Urethritis
Arthritis

134
Q

DOA Campylobacter

A

Erythromycin

135
Q

Optimum temp for Campylobacter

A

42 C

136
Q

Oxidase-positive

Catalase-positive

Urease-positive

A

H. pylori

137
Q

Damages the goblet cells of gastric mucosa

A

H. pylori

138
Q

 most common cause of duodenal ulcers and chronic gastritis

A

H. pylori

139
Q

 second leading cause of gastric ulcer

A

H. pylori

140
Q

Disease Associations:
 GASTRIC CARCINOMA
 MALT LYMPHOMA

A

H. pylori

141
Q

Curved gram-negative rods with a tuft of polar flagella (lophotrichous)

A

H. pylori

142
Q

Indole-negative

vs E. coli which is indole-positive

A

H. pylori

143
Q

 Friedlander’s Pneumonia

A

Klebsiella

144
Q

Alcoholic -> Pneumonia

A

Klebsiella

145
Q

(currant jelly sputum)

A

Klebsiella

146
Q

 Second to E. coli as the common cause of sepsis

A

Klebsiella

147
Q

DOC Klebsiella

A

Cephalosporins +/- Aminoglycosides

148
Q

Facultative gram-negative rods with large polysaccharide capsule

A

Klebsiella

149
Q

 UTI associated with nephrolithiasis

A

Proteus

150
Q

staghorn calculi; composed of magnesium-ammonium-phosphate

A

Proteus

151
Q

DOC Proteus

A

Ampicilin

TMP-SMX

152
Q

Proteus Agar

A

BAP

153
Q

a test that uses antibodies against certain strains of Proteus to diagnose rickettsial disease (as certain rickettsiae share similar antigens

A

Weil Felix Reaction

154
Q

(major pathogen for nosocomial infections because of its ubiquitous presence
in the hospital environment

A

Pseudomonas

155
Q

chronic pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients due to biofilm formation

A

Pseudmonas

156
Q

 inhibits protein synthesis by blocking EF2

A

Pseudomonas Toxin A

157
Q

 Type III secretion system

A

Exotoxin A

158
Q

 Hot tub folliculitis

A

Pseudomonas

159
Q

 Green nail syndrome

A

Pseudomonas

160
Q

Skin graft loss due to infection

A

Pseudomonas

161
Q

Otitis Externa

A

Pseudomonas

162
Q
  • Chronic suppurative otitis media
A

Pseudomonas

163
Q

 Ventilator-associated pneumonia

A

Pseudomonas

164
Q

 Necrotizing pneumonia (fleur-de-lis pattern)

A

Pseudomonas

165
Q

 Shanghai fever

A

Pseudomonas

166
Q

 Peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients

A

Pseudomonas

167
Q

Antipseudomonal penicilins

A

Ticarcillin

Piperacillin

168
Q

Refractory cases of Pseudomonas

A

Rifampin

169
Q

Pseudomonas Agar

A

Cetrimide

170
Q

sweet, fruity grape-like odor

A

Pseudomonas

171
Q

most common pathogen isolated from patients who have been hospitalized longer than 1 week, and it is a frequent cause of nosocomial infections

A

Pseudomonas

172
Q

Predominant anaerobe of the human colon

A

Bacteroides fragilis

173
Q

Spreads to blood or peritoneum during bowel trauma, perforation, or surgery

A

Bacteroides fragilis

174
Q

Armadillos

A

M. leprae

175
Q

Phenolase Positive

A

M. leprae

176
Q

AIDS Px CD4 <50

A

MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM INTRACELLULARE COMPEX (MAI, MAC)

177
Q

 most common cause of crippling of the hand

A

Leprosy

178
Q

Nerves Affected in Leprosy

A

Ulnar, Median
Posterior tibial
Common petrosal

179
Q

 Tender red nodules or humps on both shins

 Signals acute flare-ups of disease

A

Erythema Nodosum Leprosum

180
Q

Erythema Nodosum Leprosum

A

Thalidomide

181
Q

Thalidomide SE:

A

Phocomelia

182
Q

Tuberculoid Leprosy DOC

A

Dapsone + Rifampin

183
Q

Lepromatous DOC

A

Dapsone + Rifampin + Clofazimine

184
Q

tiniest free-living organisms capable of self-replication

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

185
Q

Requires STEROL for membrane formation

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

186
Q

 Toll-like receptor 2 protein
 adheres to epithelial cells of the respiratory tract
 causes inhibition of ciliary motion (ciliostasis) and necrosis

A

P1 Adhesin - Mycoplasma

187
Q

 An exotoxin
 Major role in damage to the respiratory epithelium
 ADP-ribosylating and vacuolating cytotoxin similar to pertussis toxin.

A

CARDS

188
Q

Walking pneumoniae

A

Mycoplasma

189
Q

most common infectious cause is M. pneumoniae

A

Steven Johnsons Disease

190
Q

DOC mycoplasma

A

Macrolides

191
Q

Culture Media of Mycoplasma

A

Eaton

192
Q

Dome Shaped Colonies - Fried Egg, Mulberry

A

Mycoplasma

193
Q

Chlamydophila psittaci

A

Azithromycin

194
Q

TWAR

A

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

195
Q

Chlamydophila pneumoniae DOC

A

Doxycycline

196
Q

Chlamydia spp

A

Doxycycline

197
Q

Chlamydia Trachomatis

A

A-C

198
Q

Chlamydia GenitaL

A

D-K

199
Q

LGV

A

Chlamydia L1-L3

200
Q

Resistant to Lysozyme

A

Chlamdia

201
Q

 leading infectious cause of blindness

A

 C. trachomatis types A-C

202
Q

 Chronic keratoconjunctivitis

A

C. trachomatis types A-C

203
Q

Halberstaedter-Prowazek inclusions)

A

C. trachomatis types A-C

204
Q

 Most common cause of STDs

A

C. trachomatis types D-K

205
Q

Reiter’s Syndrome

A

Chlamydia, Campylobacter

206
Q

Neonatal Pneumonia

A

C. trachomatis types D-K

207
Q

 Papule or vesicular which ulcerates leads to suppurative inguinal lymphadenitis (buboes

A

LGV

208
Q

+ Frei test

A

LGV Chlamydia L1-L3

209
Q

Chlamydia DOC

A

Doxycycline

210
Q

Halberstaedter-Prowazek inclusions

A

Chlamydia

211
Q

periplasmic flagella

A

Leptospira

212
Q

Leptospira early stage specimen

A

Blood, CSF

213
Q

Leptospira late stage specimen

A

Urine

214
Q

Immune complex-mediated meningitis and glomerulonephritis

A

Leptospira

215
Q

Calf Tenderness, Conjunctival Suffusion

A

ACUTE LEPTOSPIREMIC PHASE:

216
Q
  • Snowflake lesions on CXR
A

IMMUNE LEPTOSPIRURIC PHASE:

217
Q

Glomerulonephritis in Leptospiral inf

A

IMMUNE LEPTOSPIRURIC PHASE:

218
Q

Aseptic meningitis

A

IMMUNE LEPTOSPIRURIC PHASE

219
Q

 most severe form of leptospirosis

A

Weil’s syndrome

220
Q

Massive pulmonary hemorrhage

A

Syphillis
Anthrax
Weil’s

221
Q

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction

A

Syphilis

Leptosirosis

222
Q

Shepherd’s crook appearance

A

Leptosira

223
Q

Darkfield Microscopy

A

+ Syphillis - Lepto

224
Q

gold standard / criterion standard for serologic identification of leptospires

A

LeptoMAT

225
Q

Leptospira culture media

A

Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) medium or Fletcher’s medium

226
Q

 White-footed mouse

 White-tailed deer

A

Boreliella burgdorferi

227
Q

Largest medically important bacterium

A

Boreliella burgdorferi

228
Q

Stage 1 Lyme

A

Erythema chronicum migrans

229
Q

Stage 2 Lyme

A

Bells Palsy

AV Block

230
Q

Stage 3 Lyme

A

 Autoimmune migratory polyarthritis (onion skin lesion)

231
Q

Boreliela Culture

A

Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly (BSK)

Microbiology (7 decks)

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