8.1 Flashcards
(37 cards)
1
Q
Conservative Authoritarianism
A
- committed to the existing social order
- opposed to popular participation in government
- revived in eastern europe, spain, and portugal
2
Q
The Fall of Democracy
A
- there was an expansion of the electorate, but instead of spreading democracy, it made people fear it and go towards other powers…
- after the war, societies were divided. for example, the working class gained because of the needed support from trade unions and socialist parties, but the middle class suffered because consumer industries were breaking apart and war bonds were worthless (showed patriotism)
- after the war, women were supposed to leave their jobs and become traditional mothers and wives
- the great depression caused people to feel victimized (how could the government do this?)
- politics after the war didn’t change from how politics were during war which was to divide into friends and enemies. the people who wanted democracy started to have less allies
3
Q
Totalitarianism according to the crash course
A
- exercised total control over the lives of individual citizens
- used modern technology and communication to manipulate and censor information
- used education to mold loyal citizens and demonize scapegoats and enemies
4
Q
Fascism according to the crash course
A
- led by one leader and one party
- condemned democracy, arguing that rival parties undermine national unity
- supported state-sponsored capitalism
- glorified war and aggressive nationalism
- exercised control over media
5
Q
Communism according to the crash course
A
- led by one party, the “dictatorship of the proletariat”
- condemned capitalism, arguing that it exploits workers
- supported state ownership of the means of production
- glorified the working class
- exercised control over the media
6
Q
Totalitarian states
A
- this idea started from the total war during WWI when governments controlled economic, political, and social aspects
- in these states, the central state’s power was extended far beyond before (like dictatorship)
- these governments wanted MASS support of their state, either through propaganda or high speed modern communications
- this showed how they ALSO wanted to control the intellectual and cultural aspects of their people’s lives
- they wanted the MASS involvement in the achievement of the regime’s goals
- there was only AN SINGLE PARTY. no liberalism and no individual rights. instead the collective will of the masses
- italy and germany (fascism) originated from rights (nationalism and racism)
- russia (communist) came from leftists
- although italy, germany, and russia are different they are both extremes and are no longer different, but similar
7
Q
Italy after WWI
A
- big cost of war
- they did gain some land, but did not get mandates in east africa and austrian territory around the adriatic sea (mad!)
- domestic confusion
- inflation (made middle class unsecure)
- unemployment
- national debt
- lost generation
- upper and middle class scared that there will an economic crisis and growing labor unrest might lead to a communist revolt
8
Q
The Birth of Fascism in Italy
A
- at first, mussolini’s group did not get attention in the parliament of italy
- but then, the new parliament couldn’t unite because the socialists were seen as communists
- this caused industrial and agricultural strikes
- at the same time, people were mad that italy didn’t get the territories what it deserved during the treaty of versailles
- he changed from leftist to rightist party and started it get
- then! mussolini realized that he could use anti communism, anti strike and nationalist rhetoric and brute force to get what he wanted (free elections)
- the squadristi also attacked the socialists
- at the same time, mussolini used the squadristi to ally with the liberals and prime minister and convince them that they can defeat socialism by fascism
- this caused fascism to gain respectability and get more votes in parliament
- they created violence (terrorist attacks) and they knew that they could flourish in this society
- they also scared the government into giving them power by threatening to march to rome and it worked and mussolini became prime minister
9
Q
Fascism
A
- it started because mussolini realized that he could use anti communism, anti strike and nationalist rhetoric and brute force to get what he wanted
- he used the squadristi to gain the support of the liberals for defeating socialism
- they created violence (terrorist attacks) and they knew that they could flourish in this society
- middle and upper class (conservatives) supported them because they were scared of socialism, communism, and disorder
10
Q
Squadristi
A
- mussolini used the squadristi to ally with the liberals and prime minister and convince them that they can defeat socialism by fascism
- they created violence (terrorist attacks) and they knew that they could flourish in this society
- they also attacked socialists
11
Q
Mussolini and democratic institutions
A
- he became prime minister
- he won an election that allowed the fascist party to have 2/3rds of the seats in parliament (1924)
- now with an fascist dictatorship he put in press laws, had to the power to legislate by decree, an police law, dissolution anti-fascist parties
- he used propaganda to encourage italians to accept his leadership without question (“Mussolini is Always right”)
12
Q
Mussolini and the corporate economy
A
- he believed that capitalists and workers must be forced to COOPERATIVE for the good of the state (UNITED … AS ONE!)
- it outlawed strikes and set wages and prices
- his corporate state combined private ownership with state control over economic decisions
13
Q
Fascism and Totalarism
A
- mussolini said one thing and did another (said that he would help the peasants and workers but went with the industrialists and landowners) (MANIPULATIVE)
- they tried to control all mass media, but were not able to integrate the masses into the state or achieve their major goals PROPAGANDA
- they tried to mold italians into an single-minded community by pursuing an fascist educational policy and created fascist organizations
- they wanted to create an new italian: hardworking, physically fit, disciplined, intellectually sharp and martially inclined
- traditional / conservative social attitudes of women were enforced because eliminating women from the job market reduced male unemployment figures (women stay home!)
14
Q
Failure of Totalarism in Italy
A
- tried to create an police state, but the police activities were not repressive enough (unlike germany)
- they didn’t destroy the old power structure. for example the armed forces and monarchy were independent (didn’t have sole control)
- they COMPROMISED with the church instead of controlling them (made vatican independent and the church recognized the italian state)
15
Q
The Weimar Germany
A
- REPUBLIC created after WWI
- it was unstable because….
- President Hindenburg
- there were uprisings
- the government couldn’t control it within (army not controlled by government, people in government used their positions to get stuff, leaders were hostile to republic)
- economic difficulties: (invasion of rhur valley) caused inflation which made people go to the rightist parties and the great depression which caused social discontent, fear, and extremist parties (people lost faith in the republic)
- many germans refused to believe that their army had been defeated in WWI. they just believed that the german army had been betrayed by socialists and liberal politicians
- the versailles treaty made people mad because they lost land to poland and they didn’t like the war guilt clause (nationalist agitation)
- 7.conservatives wanted an strong leader who would restore order and reduce the power of labour unions
- article 48 undermined the republican government by allowing the president to rule by decree in cases of national emergency
- this made way for hitler and nazis
16
Q
President Hindenburg
A
-he caused the republic to be UNSTABLE because he a “traditional military” man and didn’t support an republic
17
Q
Hitler’s Beliefs
A
- racism (anti-semitism)
- he was and extreme nationalist
- he believed in the need for struggle
18
Q
Reasons why hitler rose to power
A
- the weakness of the weimar republic helped prepare the public for an bold leader who would restore german pride
- hitler said that he would attempt to overthrow the republic by revolutionary means, but he would really just use the electoral process to legally gain power
- hitler denounced the republic and versailles treaty
- used propaganda to get germans to follow him
- his ideas exploited the german peoples fears
19
Q
The ideas of the nazi party
A
- nationalism: german national honor would be avenged by regaining the lands taken by versailles treaty
- master race: the german were an master race who needed land in eastern europe and russia
- anti-semitism: jews were an inferior race responsible for many of germany’s problems
- anti-communism: marxists were responsible of fomenting labor unrest, much of hitler’s
- fuhrer: the parliament produced weak politicians. he believed germany required and absolute leader who would embody the national will
20
Q
The rise of the nazis round 1
A
- hitler joined the german worker’s party (right wing, nationalist)
- he soon had complete control over it
- he renamed it the nazis
- he gained support of workers and nationalist circles
- he made the group strong (Sturmabteilung)
- he group was growing and growing
- hitler took the chance to overthrow the republic, but he failed and went to jail
- then he wrote the Mein Kampf and was encouraged instead of discouraged
21
Q
Sturmabteilung (SA)
A
- police force / militia
- this was during the time when hitler was the strengthening the nazi group and it started to get popular
22
Q
Mein Kampf
A
- hitler’s autobiography when he was in jail after trying to overthrow the republic
- it had extreme german nationalism, anti-semitism, vicious anti communism
- it was linked by SOCIAL darwinism theory of struggle
- it stresses the right of SUPERIOR nations to lebensraum (we need our own place and superior individuals had the right to secure authoritarian leadership over the masses)
- WE’RE BETTER THAN YOU!
23
Q
lebensraum
A
- an space that hitler thought he needed
- ”we need our own place and superior individuals had the right to secure authoritarian leadership over the masses”
24
Q
The rise of the nazis round 2
A
- after the failure of trying to overthrow the government, he realized that he would have to use constitutional means to gain power
- during the late 1920s the first step to achieve this was to create an mass political movement by…
- making his leadership clear
- making his followers follow the fuhrerprinzip
- the nazi party spread
- at first he tried to get VOTES from socialists and communists, but then purused middle-class and lower middle class
- the unemployment rate and impact of the great depression caused people to be more attracted to extremist parties because they offered solutions
- the parliamentary democracy was dying because the parliament relied on the president (parliament losing power)
25
fuhrerprinzip
-an principle that said nothing less than an single-minded party under ONE leader
26
The Nazi’s during the elections from 1930-1933
- the party was growing during this period
- they used techniques to people to vote for them by pitching their themes CLEARLY to needs and fears of groups.
- at the same time, they said that don’t have conflict of interest and above fighting among classes
- for example, they appealed to national pride, national honor, traditional militarism, and freedom of class differences (unity)
27
The rise of the nazis round 3
- remember that throughout this time, hitler is depending on the president
- the elections from 1930-1933 were an failure and showed how the nazi’s could not gain power through votes,
- then right-wing elites saw hitler as an guy with mass support and able to create an right-winged authoritarian regime and they thought they could control him (hehe ..... no.)
- president hindenburg (under pressure) decided to make hitler chancellor and create an new government
- now with power he purged the non-nazi police and replaced it with SA
- also on the day of the REichstag fire, the president allowed the government to have emergency powers, enabling the nazis to arrest and imprison anyone without reason
28
The rise of the nazis round 4
- the nazi’s didn’t have enough votes
- so an act was passed that let the government to dispense with constitutional forms for four years while it issued laws
- as a result, hitler didn't need the parliament or the president and was now an dictator
- with the nazi’s in power, they created concentration camps, punished jews, and abolished all political parties except the nazis
- the only danger he had was the army and SA because Ernst rohm wanted an revolution and replacement of regular army by SA
- since the army didn’t want this, he convinced them that he could kill Rohm in return for their support after the president died
- when the president died, hitler became the sole ruler
- so he starts to create an “total state”
29
Reichstag fire
- during this time, hitler is strengthening the government with HIS people and using the president to get what he wants
- on the day of the REichstag fire, the president allowed the government have emergency powers
30
Why did the Nazi’s succeed
- they were ruthless in their use of force
- they were ready to take control
- the depression and republic’s failure made people to have less faith in democratic states
- nazi’s offered national awakening and and image of an germany that was above parties and classes
31
Ernst Rohm
- leader of SA
- wanted a revolution and replacement of regular army by SA
- since the army didn’t want this, he convinced them that he could kill Rohm in return for their support after the president died
32
The Nazi state (1933-1939)
- he wanted to create an “total state”
- why? because he wanted to develop an aryan racial state and it required an massive movement where ALL germans were involved in
- in order to get germans involved, they created mass demonstrations and spectacles
- indsutry was not nationalized
- the german labor front controlled the world of labor and said they had to use the workbook into order to keep their job. in order to get an workbook you had to submit to the policies of the nazis
- one would expect there to be absolute control, but there was chaos (within the party, within the state, between party and state) and hitler was the decision maker
- they used the process of rearmament (making guns and stuff) to drop the rate of unemployment. because this worked, people supported the nazis
- the SS were instruments of terror and repression
- the government supervised labor and business. new laws banned strikes and dissolved independent labor unions
- they controlled churches and schools because they thought they would lay the foundation for an totalitarian state by early indoctrination of the youth (Hitler Jugend, Bund Deutscher Madel)
- women were crucial in aryan state because they bore the children, but they were discouraged from certain professions and heavy industry because it would hinder them from bearing healthy children. however they could pursue professional occupations that had direct practical application (social work and nursing)
- anti-semitism turn into anti-semitic policies (nuremberg laws and kristallnacht)
33
Schutzstaffeln (SS)
- secret police
| - based on terror and ideology of creating an aryan master race
34
Hitler Jugend
- during nazi state they controlled churches and schools because they thought they would lay the foundation for an totalitarian state by early indoctrination of the youth
- MALE
35
Bund Deutscher Madel
- during nazi state they controlled churches and schools because they thought they would lay the foundation for an totalitarian state by early indoctrination of the youth
- FEMALE
36
nuremberg laws
- anti-semitic policies in germany during nazi state
- it excluded german jews from german citizenship
- relationship or marriage between jews and german citizens
- it separated jews politically, socially and legally
- it showed how they wanted to preserve an pure aryan race
37
kristallnacht
- ”night of shattered glass”
- a secretary was assassinated by an jew
- people then used the assassination as an excuse for destroying stores and synagogues and sending people to concentration camps
- they were encouraged to emigrate by SS
