Research Methods

Question 1

Experiment

Answer 1

When a researcher manipulates an IV to test its effects on a DV.

Question 2

Field Experiments

Answer 2

When a researcher manipulates an IV to test its effect on a DV in a natural setting

E.g; classroom

• Piliavin et al (1969); New York subway study.

Question 3

Extraneous Variables

Answer 3

Any variable that has the potential to affect the DV and does not vary systematically with the IV.

E.g; participant variables such as amount of sleep/ situational variables such as time of day.

Question 4

Confounding Variables

Answer 4

Any variable that has affected the DV that does vary systematically with the IV.

Question 5

Demand Characteristics

Answer 5

When a participant changes their behaviour to sabotage an experiment as a result of identifying the aim of a study.

The participant may deliberately behave as the researcher would predict or deliberately go against their natural behaviour.

Question 6

Investigator Effects

Answer 6

Anything a researcher any say or do, consciously or unconsciously, which can influence a participants behaviour.

E.g; through the use of leading questions.

Question 7

Leading Questions

Answer 7

The way in which an investigator asks questions which may affect/influence answers provided by the participant.

Question 8

Sampling Techniques: Random Sampling

Answer 8

Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected.

Question 9

Sampling Techniques: Systematic Sampling

Answer 9

Every “Nth” person is chosen from a list and selected to be a member of the sample.

Question 10

Sampling Techniques: Stratified Sampling

Answer 10

The proportions of people in population sub-groups (strata), are reflected in the sample.

Question 11

Sampling Techniques: Opportunity Sampling

Answer 11

Whoever is available at the time of sampling will be selected.

Question 12

Sampling Techniques: Volunteer Sample

Answer 12

Participants “self select”, volunteering themselves to participate in the study.