Lecture 1

Question 1

hallmarks of cancer

Answer 1

self sufficiency in growth signals. insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. evasion of apoptosis. limitless replicative potential. sustained angiogenesis. tisssue invasion and metastasis

Question 2

cancer definition

Answer 2

cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. if the spread is not controlled, it can result in death.

Question 3

what leads to cancer immortality

Answer 3

it’s an evasion of senesence (and therefore apoptosis). their telomeres don’t shorten like other cells do which means they can divide indefinitely

Question 4

timeline of cancer

Answer 4

through 16th century attributed to excess of ‘black bile”. in 17th century aselli suggested abnormalities in lymph system. 18th century oncology was born. 19th cancer cells were observed to be abnormal

Question 5

two types of tumor

Answer 5

benign (non cancerous) and malignant (cancerous, spreads to other parts of body via metastasis)

Question 6

metaplasia

Answer 6

you’re replacing one cell type with another cell type

Question 7

dysplasia

Answer 7

a mature cell is replaced with a less mature cell

Question 8

what’s another word for cancer

Answer 8

neoplasia (neo = new, plasia = tissue or cells)

Question 9

what are suffixes for cancers

Answer 9

benign ends in “oma”. malignant ends in the type of cancer that it is e.g. sarcoma

Question 10

what is in ectoderm germ layer

Answer 10

some epithelial, all nerve, salivary, mucous glands of nose and mouth

Question 11

what is in endoderm germ layer

Answer 11

epithelial lining of digesive tract, liver paranchyma, lining of pharynx and respiratory tract, epithelium of bladder and urethra, sercetory glands of digestive tract

Question 12

what is in mesoderm layer

Answer 12

muscles, fibrous tissue, bone and cartilage, fat and adipose tissue, blood and lymph, blood cells

Question 13

which layer are the majority of cancer cells derived from

Answer 13

the endoderm (specifically the epithelial cells)

Question 14

name two ways of cancer classification

Answer 14

by the type of tissue in which the cancer originates (histological type). or by primary site or location in body where the cancer first developed

Question 15

name six major categories of cancer classification

Answer 15

carcinoma, sarcoma, myeloma, leukemia, lymphoma, and mixed types

Question 16

carcinoma

Answer 16

malignant tumor of epithelial origin (80% of all cancers are carcinomas). typically present in skin linings, organs, glands etc.

Question 17

adnocarcinoma

Answer 17

epithelial cell was in organ or gland

Question 18

squamouscarcinoma

Answer 18

located in the squamous cell lining

Question 19

sarcoma

Answer 19

cancer cell originated in connective tissue (muscle ligaments tendons or bones)

Question 20

myeloma

Answer 20

cancers of the plasma cells of blood.

Question 21

leukemia

Answer 21

cancers of bone marrow and blood. it’s a cancer of immune cells that are in your blood (white blood cells, lymphocytes etc.) can be called liquid cancer as they don’t form tumor, just an increase in disregulated immune cells

Question 22

how was leukemia first cured

Answer 22

with the invention of bone marrow transplant

Question 23

lymphoma

Answer 23

cancers of the lymph system.

Question 24

mixed types cancer

Answer 24

it can’t really be defined by the other categories or it’s a combination of the other major categories

Question 25

what do all staging systems try to do

Answer 25

measure how far the cancer has traveled from its origina tumor

Question 26

what is tnm staging

Answer 26

t measures size of tumor, n represents number m represents are there tumors in other organs

Question 27

in situ

Answer 27

stage 0 - presence of malignant cells with the cell group from which they arose

Question 28

localized

Answer 28

stage 1 - malignancy limited to the organ of origin

Question 29

regional

Answer 29

stage 2-5 - tumor extension beyond the limits of the organ of origin

Question 30

distant

Answer 30

stage 7 - tumor cells that have traveled to other parts of the body and have begun tot grow at new location

Question 31

unknown

Answer 31

stage 9 - cannot adequately determine the stage

Question 32

what is grading

Answer 32

judged how different the cells are from what they originally rose from (what they were as normal cells)

Question 33

how is cancer always defined

Answer 33

it is defined by its original tumor. if it metastisizes to other parts of the body it is still defined as the original location or cell type of tumor