Immunization Principles and Technique Lecture Powerpoint

Question 1

Live attenuated vaccine

Answer 1

Disease producing virus or bacterium weakened in lab, can still replicate but generally does not cause illness

Question 2

Inactivated whole vaccine

Answer 2

The entire body of a dead virus or bacteria, cannot cause illness response

Question 3

Inacivated fractional vaccine

Answer 3

A component of the virus or bacteria that the immune system recognizes to mount an antigenic response to, cannot cause illness, such as toxoids, subunits, or polysaccharide

Question 4

Toxoid

Answer 4

Modified bacterial toxins that retain immunogenic properties but lack toxicity

Question 5

List the 8 live vaccines

Answer 5

Measles
mumps
rubella
varicella
zoster
rotavirus
intranasal influenza
typhoid

Question 6

Live attenuated vaccines can have interference from…

Answer 6

…circulating antibodies from transfused blood (don’t allow the host to mount a response) and therefore must be administered 2 weeks after a live vaccine or 3 months before

Question 7

Inactivated vaccines are ___ compared to live vaccines, and therefore typically require a ___

Answer 7

Not as effective, booster

Question 8

List the 4 whole cell inactivated vaccinees

Answer 8

Polio
Injectable influenza
Hepatitis A
Pertussis

Question 9

Inactivated vaccines lack interference from…

Answer 9

…circulating antibody levels from transfused blood, and can therefore be administrated at the same time

Question 10

Can live vaccines be administered together?

Answer 10

Yep except cholera and yellow fever, no decrease in antibody response or adverse reactions

Question 11

Can live vaccines be given one a day after the other?

Answer 11

No, require 4 week interval between two live injected

Question 12

How many doses do live attenuated vaccines require?

Answer 12

• Single dose offers long lasting immunity

- 2nd dose administered to ensure seroconversion

Question 13

How many doses do inactivated vaccines require?

Answer 13

• Multiple doses as well as

- periodic boosting

Question 14

Should vaccine series be restarted if time has gone past the recommneded interval?

Answer 14

No, just start where you left off

Question 15

4 day grace period

Answer 15

Refers to requirement that vaccine doses be administered no more than 4 days before the minimal interval or age in order to be counted as valid, otherwise must repeat the vaccine!

Question 16

Is there a maximum interval between vaccines?

Answer 16

No, you never have to restart a vaccine series just continue where you left off

Question 17

Can patient’s with mild illness be vaccinated?

Answer 17

Yes, no contraindication to withold vaccination from patients on antibiotics or with mild acute illness

Question 18

What are the 3 adverse reactions to vaccines

Answer 18

• Local (pain and swelling at the site of injection, usually mild and self limiting)
• Systemic (fever, malaise, headache, may not be related to vaccine)
• Allergic (be alert for anaphylaxis, very rare but require screening such as in the case of egg prtein)

Question 19

VAERS

Answer 19

Vaccine adverse events reporting system, used to report a bad response to a vaccine regardless of if it is believed to be caused by the vaccine itself or not

Question 20

Can HIV patients or other immunosuppressed patients receive vaccines?

Answer 20

Generally yes as long as it is under control, sometimes we wait in the case of cancer patients

Question 21

3 contraindications for live vaccines

Answer 21

Pregnancy, moderate or severe acute illness, recent receipt of antibody containing blood product

Question 22

7 invalid contraindications for vaccine administration

Answer 22

Minor illness
Antibiotic therapy
Disease exposure
Preganncy in household or breastfeeding
Premature birth
Nonspecific allergies
Family history of adverse events

Question 23

Thimerosal

Answer 23

A mercury containing preservative added to vials of vaccine that prevent growth of potentially harmful bacteria, was formerly argued to contribute to autism, however since its discontinuation in many vaccines autism rates have only continued to increase in the country

Question 24

There is more aluminum in ___ than vaccines, there is more formaldehyde in ___ than vaccines

Answer 24

Breast milk, blood stream

Question 25

Alternative schedules may help families who are hesitent to vaccinate. What is the issue with them?

Answer 25

Delaying the vaccination increases time that children are susceptible to serious disease, no evidence that spreading out has any benefit

Question 26

Hep B vaccine: Type, schedule

Answer 26

• Inactivated fractional vaccine

- birth, 1-2 months, 6-18 months, 3 dose schedule for adolescents and adults otherwise

Question 27

DTaP vaccine: type, schedule

Answer 27

• Inactivated fractional vaccine
• used for children younger than 7 and has a larger pertussis conc for initial exposure in children to gain immunity at 2/4/6/15-18 months, and 4-6 yrs

Question 28

Tdap vaccine: type, schedule

Answer 28

• Inactivated fractional vaccine

- Used on anyone older than 7 ever 10 years as a booster to the DTaP

Question 29

Cocooning vulnerable infants require that faily members get this vaccine

Answer 29

Tdap for pertussis

Question 30

Oral polio vaccine

Answer 30

No longer given in developed world because it can cause polio

Question 31

Polio vaccine: type, schedule

Answer 31

• Inactivated whole

- 2/4/6-18 months, 4-6 years

Question 32

3 contraindications for influenza vaccine

Answer 32

• Severe egg allergy
• guillian barre syndrome after vaccination
• severe reaction to vaccine

Question 33

Recombinant hemagglutinin influenza vaccine

Answer 33

Influenza vaccine for those with egg allergies, typically have to order it

Question 34

Varicella zoster is the name of the ___. Varicella is the name of the ___. Herpes zoster is the name of the ____. What are the corresponding vaccines?

Answer 34

virus, chickenpox, shingles

Varivax, and shingrix

Question 35

Rotavirus vaccine definition

Answer 35

Disease against the #1 cause of gastroenteritis often seen in infants and children, can use rotarix or rotateq if allergic to latex

Question 36

Synagis is a vaccine composed of what and given to whom? When?

Answer 36

RSV fighting antibodies IgG to high risk infants through the RSV seasons monthly

Question 37

Almost always a vaccine should be administered with the bevel facing….

Answer 37

….upward

Question 38

Luer lock tip syringe

Answer 38

Most commonly used, needle secures on tip with twist mount making it more secure

Question 39

Slip tip syringe

Answer 39

Commonly used, needle pushed onto tip, less secure

Question 40

Eccentric tip syringe

Answer 40

Used for injecting medication parapllel to skin of patient (surface vein injection)

Question 41

Intradermal vaccines require ___ treatment of skin while not ___ the injection site

Answer 41

Tout pulling, not applying pressure at