upper arm osteology

Question 1

what does the head of the humerus do?

Answer 1

Articulates with the scapula at the glenohumeral joint

Question 2

Greater tubercle, where is it and what does it do?

Answer 2

Lies just lateral and distal to the anatomic neck and provides attachments for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles

Question 3

Lesser Tubercle, where is it and what does it do?

Answer 3

Lies on the anterior medial side of the humerus, just distal to the anatomic neck, and provides an insertion for the subscapularis muscle

Question 4

Bicipital Groove, where is it and what does it do?

Answer 4

• Lies between the greater and lesser tubercles, lodges the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle, and is bridged by the transverse humeral ligament.
• Provides insertions for the pectoralis major on its lateral lip, the teres major on its medial lip, and the latissimus dorsi on its floor

Question 5

Surgical Neck, whats significant?

Answer 5

Is a narrow area distal to the tubercles that is a common site of fracture and is in contact with the axillary nerve and the posterior humeral circumflex artery

Question 6

what is a colles fracture? what happens?

Answer 6

Fractures of the Distal End of the Radius (from breaking falls) are common and are referred to as Colle’s fracture. The Styloid Process of the Ulna is often also avulsed in this situation.

Dinner fork!

Question 7

what is a humeral trochlea?

Answer 7

articulates with ulna

Question 8

what is a humeral capitulum?

Answer 8

articulates with radius

Question 9

Lateral Epicondyle, what attaches to it?

Answer 9

radial collateral ligament

supinator and extensor muscles of the forearm

Question 10

Medial Epicondyle, what attaches to it?

Answer 10

groove on the back for the ulnar nerve and superior ulnar collateral artery. Provides attachment sites for the ulnar collateral ligament, the pronator teres, and the common tendon of the forearm flexor muscles

Question 11

how many carpal bones are there?

Answer 11

Some Lovers Try Positions that they cant handle

Scaphoid
Lunare
Triqutrum

Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

Question 12

Where is the olecranon, what does it attach to?

Answer 12

ulna, triceps tendon

Question 13

what is radial notch of the ulna?

Answer 13

head of radius goes in here

Question 14

what is the most commonly broken bone in the hand, what happens?

Answer 14

The Scaphoid is the most commonly fractured Carpal Bone, and is usually the result of trying to break a fall, often the fracture in not visible on a radiograph and therefore misdiagnosed as a severe sprain. The distal fragment of bone is susceptible to avascular necrosis since it is usually separated from its blood supply

Question 15

what is the radial tuberosity?

Answer 15

Radius, biceps brachii tendon attatches

Question 16

Styloid process of the radius, what is it?

Answer 16

distal end of the radius and is approximately 1 cm distal to that of the ulna and provides insertion of the brachioradialis muscle

Can be palpated in the proximal part of the anatomic snuffbox between the extensor pollicis longus and brevis tendons

Question 17

what are the main landmarks of the anterior scapula?

Answer 17

costal surface is anterior

• subscapular fossa is surface
• glenoid cavities separate tubercles
• suprascapular notch: artery, ligament
• coracoid process

Question 18

what are the main landmarks of the posterior scapula?

Answer 18

• scapular spine
  - deltoid tuberosity
  - acromion
  - greater scapular notch: connects supraspinous and infraspinous fossa

Question 19

what does acromion do?

Answer 19

scapula articulates with clavicle

Question 20

why are there two necks of the humerus?

Answer 20

one is for surgeons, lower, and one is anatomical

surgical neck fracture is much worse

Question 21

Fracture of surgical neck?

Answer 21

may injure the axillary nerve and the posterior humeral circumflex artery as they pass through the quadrangular space

Question 22

Fracture of the shaft of the humerus?

Answer 22

may injure the radial nerve and deep brachial artery in the spiral groove.

Question 23

what is a supercondylar fracture?

Answer 23

a fracture of the distal end of the humerus; it is common in children and occurs when the child falls on the outstretched hand with the elbow partially
flexed and may injure the median nerve

Question 24

Fracture of the medial epicondyle?

Answer 24

may damage the ulnar nerve. This nerve may be compressed in a groove behind the medial epicondyle “funny bone,” causing numbness.

Question 25

The Greater Tubercle is also susceptible to avulsion how?

Answer 25

by the Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus and Teres minor Ms. that insert there

Question 26

where is the groove for ulnar n and how is it relevant?

Answer 26

Medial Humeral Epicondyle

The Groove for the Ulnar N. houses the Ulnar N. and when compressed is painful. This is the origin of the expression “funny-bone” relating to the presence of the Ulnar N. in this groove on the Humerus

Question 27

What does fracture of the olecranon do?

Answer 27

often referred to as “Fractured Elbow” is common in cases of falling, because of the forceful nature of the Triceps Brachii M. this is considered an avulsion fracture and is difficult to repair.

Question 28

Articular disc?

Answer 28

between sternum and clavical, cartilage

also between acromion and clavicle

radiocarpal joint

Question 29

What articulates with wrist?

Answer 29

radius,

ulna really does not articulate with it , blocked by articular disc

Question 30

Identify the bones that are frequently involved in fingers being closed in a door

Answer 30

Fractures of the Distal Phalanges are commonly the result of fingers being closed in a door, because of the intricate relationship between Phalanges and flexor tendons ,

bone fragments must be realigned carefully to maintain function

Question 31

Explain a “boxer’s fracture” and the bones involved

Answer 31

The Head of the 5th Metacarpal is susceptible to fracture when an individual punches something with a closed fist, this condition is sometimes referred to as “Boxer’s Fracture.”

Question 32

Describe the Ulnar Canal (of Guyon) including the bony, ligamentous and neural elements involved

Answer 32

The floor is made of the transverse carpal ligament
lateral border has the Hook of Hamate, and the medial border is composed of pisiform bone

passage of the ulnar artery and ulnar nerve into the hand

Question 33

Describe the Carpal Tunnel including the bony, ligamentous and neural elements involved

Answer 33

The passage anterior to the Carpal Bones posterior to the Flexor Retinaculum is known as the Carpal Tunnel and transmits the tendons

of the Flexor Digitorum Profundus and Superficialis Ms. as well as the Flexor Carpi Radialis T. and Median N.

Question 34

what is carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer 34

swelling of the tendons in carpal tunnel occurs, the Median N. can be compressed resulting in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, which produces parasthesia, anesthesia and pain