Microbiologists

Question 1

Anthony von Leeuwenhoek (1673-1723)

Answer 1

Improved and made microscopes (inspected fabric)
Detailed drawings of “animalcules”
Presented findings to Royal Society of London

Question 2

Robert Hooke (1665)

Answer 2

Saw individual “cells” or “little boxes”

Created “Cell Theory”: All living things composed of cells

Question 3

Edward Jenner (1796)

Answer 3

Used cow pox to vaccinate against small pox
Demonstrated vaccination through scientific process

Injected material from milkmaid’s cow pox lesion into small boy. Recovered from cow pox then immune to small pox

Question 4

Louis Pasteur (1861)

Answer 4

Settled Biogenesis dispute with gooseneck flasks: microorganisms could not contact boiled broth so no growth found
Studied fermentation
Developed pasteurization
Developed anthrax and rabies vaccine

Germ theory of disease: micro organisms cause disease (Koch and Pasteur)

Question 5

Robert Koch (1861)

Answer 5

Linked specific microbes to diseases (Anthrax=Bacillus Anthracis, tuberculosis, cholera)
Developed pure culture methods (gelatin/agar)
Koch’s Postulates

Question 6

Koch’s Postulates

Answer 6

1. The same pathogen must be present in every case
2. Pathogen must be isolated from host and grown in pure culture
3. Pathogen must then cause disease when inoculated into healthy animal
4. Pathogen must then be isolated from inoculated animal and be shown in the original animal

Question 7

Golden Age of Microbiology

Answer 7

1857-1914
Spearheaded by Koch and Pasteur
Improved: microscopes, culture techniques, vaccine, surgery
Established: food spoilage, fermentation, disease

Question 8

John Snow

Answer 8

Epidemiology

Tracked cholera epidemic based on mapping deaths due to contaminated water source

Question 9

Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 9

Developed aniseptic technique in the 1840s

Mother/baby mortality lower with mid-wives bc doctors autopsied in the morning and spread infection

Promoted hand washing and chlorinated water

Question 10

Joseph Lister

Answer 10

Surgery procedure:

• hand washing
• Carbolic Acid used on wounds, instruments, and air
• heat for sterilization
• Antiseptics used to prevent microorganisms from infecting wounds

Question 11

Florence Nightingale

Answer 11

Modern nursing practice

• cleanliness
• prevent bed sores

Hospital standards
Cleanliness, ventilation, light
Proved changed increased mortality rates

Did not believe in germ theory but understood infection control

Question 12

Alexander Fleming

Answer 12

Accidentally discovers penicillin
Growing staphylococcus and solid media grew mold
Bacteria did not grow near mold - proved inhibited growth

Question 13

Florey, Heatley, and Chain

Answer 13

Purified penicillin before and during WWII

Question 14

Paul Ehrlich

Answer 14

~1900
Chemicals to specifically target bacteria
“Magic Bullet”
Salvarsan to treat Syphilis - 1st antibiotic chemotherapy
Sulfa Drugs - derivative of dyes

Question 15

John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn

Answer 15

Observed some microbes tolerant of high heat
Discovered Endospores
Sterility required elimination of Endospores and viruses