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Personality and Individual differences > Problem 1 > Flashcards

Problem 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Self report

(Self-data)

A

Is a method of assessing personality that involves asking an individual about his or her behaviors, thoughts and feelings + then inferring that individuals personality on the basis of the responses

–> allows an accurate + efficient measurement at a low cost

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2
Q

Self ratings

A

Is basically the same method as self reports just that the person is asked to rate his individual level of the trait on a given scale

ex.: 1-10

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3
Q

Are self ratings more accurate than self reports ?

A

Not necessarily,

the rating might be a more direct indication of the trait

BUT: people might differ in their understandings of a certain trait

ex.: misinterpreting impulsivity as a king of spontaneous tendency

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4
Q

Observer/Informant report

(Informant-Data)

A

Is a method that involves asking a third party for a certain individuals behaviours, thoughts and feelings

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5
Q

What are the advantages vs disadvantages of the observer report ?

A

Advantage: An individuals personality might be judged more objectively

Disadvantage:

a) The person might be inclined to present a good or bad impression for that individual

–> enhancement vs diminishing bias

b) some feelings + thought might never even be observed
c) expensive + time-consuming

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6
Q

Direct observation

(Behavior- data)

A

Is a method where a persons behavior is directly observed

–> the trait is measured by observing the frequency or intensity with which the individual performs those behaviors

ex.: how frequently you talk on phone, visit friends etc. –> to assess sociability

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7
Q

Biodata

(Live-data)

A

Is a method where some records of the persons life, which seem likely to be relevant to an individuals personality, are obtained

ex.: speeding ticket

–> recklesness

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8
Q

What are advantages vs disadvantages of obtaining biodata ?

A

Advantage:

They are objective indicators of behavior

Disadvantage:

Not always clear if it is an accurate indicator

–> Interpretation might not always be correct

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9
Q

Why are self reports and observer reports more commonly and widely used ?

A

They provide extremely quick + cheap methods of measuring a wide array of traits with generally good levels of reliability + validity

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10
Q

Which four methods can be used to assess personality traits ?

A
  1. Self report
  2. Observer report
  3. Direct Observation
  4. Biodata
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11
Q

Brunswiks lens model

A

States that elements in the environment can serve as a kind of lens through which observers indirectly perceive underlying constructs

–> involve cue utilization + cue validity

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12
Q

Cue utilization (Brunswik lens model)

A

Refers to the link between the observable cue + observers judgment

ex.: organized desk –> conscientiousness

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13
Q

Cue validity (Brunswik lens model)

A

Refers to the link between the observable cue + the occupants actual level of the underlying construct

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14
Q

According to Brunswiks model the mechanisms linking individuals to the environments they inhabit fall into 2 categories.

Which are they ?

A

1. Identity claims

a) self directed
b) other directed

2. Behavioral residue

a) interior
b) exterior

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15
Q

Self-directed identity claims

A

Refer to symbolic statements made by the occupants for their own benefit, intended to reinforce their self views

ex.: decorating ones room in a way that reflects ones personality, hobbies etc

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16
Q

Other directed claims

A

Refer to symbols that have shared meanings to make statements to others about how they would like to be regarded

–> intentionally communicating ones attitudes +values to others

ex.: office may be designed in a way that suggests to others a conscientious, hard working disposition

17
Q

Interior behavioral residue

A

Refer to the physical traces of activities conducted in ones immediate environment (at home), reflecting past or anticipated behaviors

ex.: unopened bottle of wine + chairs arranged in a circle

–> awaiting guests

18
Q

Exterior behavioral residue

A

Refer to the physical traces of activities conducted outside of ones immediate environment (outside)

ex.: ski pass

–> knows how to ski

19
Q

What is the “2-Step inference process” to form impressions about a person ?

A
  1. Observers infer behaviors that created physical evidence
  2. Observers infer the dispositions that underlie the behaviors

–> assuming that no stereotypes intervene

ex.: organized workspace

  1. person organizes his/her belongings
  2. high levels of conscientiousness
20
Q

How do stereotypes impact the judgements of a person ?

A

The stereotype might be associated with a whole set of traits, some of which may have no direct link to the evidence in the environment

ex.: noticing asian books on a shelve will activate asian stereotypes

21
Q

EAR

A

Is a microcassette recorder that tracks ambient sounds in peoples environments by recording them over a period of up to 4 days

–> it therefore adopts the unique observer perspective of lived-day studies

22
Q

What are personality constructs ?/ What is a personality ?

A

It refers to inferred characteristics or traits of a person

23
Q

What are possible biases that one might encounter when self reporting ?

A
  1. Response bias
  2. Acquiescent responding
  3. Extreme responding
  4. Self perception

–> will impede the validity of the self report measure

24
Q

Response bias

A

Responding in a way that will present the self in a more favorable light

25
Q

Acquiescent responding

A

Agreeing with response without considering what the question is asking

26
Q

Extreme responding

A

Giving extreme ratings on scales

–> over-exaggeration

27
Q

Why might our own self perception provoke biased responding ?

A

Because, people are predisposed toward self enhancement or trying to maintain positivity of the self at the expense of being unrealistic or simply wrong

–> requires a person to fully know his/herself

28
Q

Principle of aggregation

A

States that in receiving a number of judgments from many people, the reliability of the results will increase

–> supports Informant reports

29
Q

What are Multiple methods ? Why can they be helpful ?

A
  1. Utilizing more than one method to measure a concept
  2. May help demonstrate construct validity + increases the accuracy of results
30
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Underestimating situational factors/circumstances but overestimating personal factors

31
Q

Interrater reliability

A

Refers to the degree to which different raters give consistent estimates of the same behavior

–> a score of how much homogeneity or consensus exists in the ratings given by various judges

32
Q

Convergent validity

A

Shows the correlation between two measures that measured the same construct

–> shows that they are related

33
Q

Meta accuracy

(Dyadic vs Generalized)

A

Refers to the capacity to know how others see us

1. Dyadic

–> peoples awareness of the impressions they make on specific individuals

2. Generalized

–> peoples awareness of their reputation

34
Q

Criterion problem

A

Refers to the problem, that measures of ones own self perception are not readily available, as the practitioner doesn’t know how accurate it is

35
Q

How can the criterion problem be solved ?

A

By using any of the following methods:

  1. Informant report
  2. Direct Observation
  3. Biodata
36
Q

Self-knwoledge of personality

A

Refers to accurate self-perceptions about how one typically thinks, feels and behaves

–> being aware of how those patterns are interpreted by others

37
Q

Self-percpetion bias

A

Refers to the tendency to overestimate ones abilities and consequently rating the self more favorably than others

Personality and Individual differences (9 decks)

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