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MCAT > Physic / Chemistry > Flashcards

Physic / Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are Joules units?

A

Kg*m2/s2

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2
Q

What is the plank constant?

A

h=6.63 x 10-34J*s

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3
Q

What are ohmsunit?

A

Kgm2/s3A2A: ampere

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4
Q

What is the approximate number of wavelengths of light that can travel in 1 direction within a retroreflecting bead that has a diameter of 5 ×10–5m?(Note: The speed of light = 3 × 108m/s, and its frequency is approximately 1015Hz.)

A

This question requires the examinee to envision light waves traveling along the diameter of a retroflecting bead and to determine the total number of waves that could be present along that bead diameter at a given time. Thus, the examinee must determine how many wavelengths will fit within the width of a bead, because there is one wavelength,λof spatial length per wave.The item gives the speed of light to bev=3.0 × 108m/sand the frequency to bef= 1015Hz.The wavelengthλof the light may be found from the relationship for wave speedv=λf,thus,λ=v/f=(3.0 × 108m/s)/( 1015Hz)=3.0 × 10–7m.The number of waves that will fit along a diameter is found by dividing this wavelength into the diameterD=5.0 × 10–5m,so the number of waves isD/λ=(5.0 × 10–5m)/( 3.0 × 10-7m)= 1.7 × 102

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5
Q

What equation would you use to calculate the force on a particule entering an electric field?

A

F=qEq: chargeE: electric field

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6
Q

describe b decay

A

neutron is converted into a proton. +1 atomic number, same mass

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7
Q

What equation would you use to calculate the pressure?

A

P=F/A

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8
Q

find those logs:100, 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01

A

100 = 210 = 11 = 00.1 = -10.01 = -2

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9
Q

what is the period on a time varying signal?

A

the shortest repetitiontime

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10
Q

a metabolic oxidation reaction with glucose requieres what?

A

FAD

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11
Q

What is the by product of 2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond?

A

H2O

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12
Q

n [Cu(NH3)4]2+, what does the subscript 4 indicates?

A

Coordination number, also called Ligancy, thenumberof atoms, ions, or molecules that a central atom or ion holds as its nearest neighbours in a complex

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13
Q

What are the formulas for work and power? give the units for them as well

A
  • W = F d cosθ* P = ΔW/ΔtW: joulesP: watt
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14
Q

What kind of image is formed by the lenses of the glasses worn by a personwho sees an object 2 m away? (focal lenght= -50)

A

lenses have a negative focal length which means they are diverging lenses.Such lenses form virtual and reduced images of objects situated at distances larger than the focal length

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15
Q

how can you find the focal point of a lense? How do you know if it is positive or negative?

A

1/f=1/i+1/of=focal pointi=distance from imageo=distance from objectconvex (converging): always positive

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16
Q

What is the formula to find the maximal frictional force and what does it mean?

A

fmax= μ Νμk< μsalways

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17
Q

What equation would you use to calculate the kinetic energy?

A

Ek=1/2 mv2

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18
Q

What are Volt units?

A

V=kgm2/s3AA: ampere

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19
Q

What equation would you use to calculate the force between two charges?

A

F=k (q1*q2/r2)

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20
Q

how do you calculate the speed of the air using apitot tube

A
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21
Q

What equation would you use to calculate the Buoyant force? Describe this force.

A

Fb=Vρg = mgThe increase in force exerted by a fluid, that oppose the weight of an object.V=volume

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22
Q

What are the 3 formulas forTranslational motion

A

x = xo+ vot + 1/2at2 (Vƒ)2= (Vo)2+ 2axVƒ= Vo+ at

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23
Q

define wavelenght, period and frequency

A

wavelenght: distance traveled during 1 periodPeriod: distance bw 2 peaksFrequency: the numbre of cycles in 1s

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24
Q

sin & cos:(30)(45)(60)(90)

A

sin30 = 0.545=0.760=0.8690=1cos30=0.8745=0.760=0.590=0

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25
Q

a mol that is likely to bind to a steroid receptor has what characteristic?

A

4 fused ring

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26
Q

What equation would you use to calculate the variation of pressure?

A

Δ Ρ = ρgΔh

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27
Q

What equation would you use to calculate the focal lenght of an image in the mirror?

A

1/i + 1/0= 1/f = r/2i: image distance0: object distancef: focal lenghtr: curvature radius

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28
Q

What is the assumption made in the ideal gas law

A

Individual molecular volume and intermolecular forces are negligible.

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29
Q

A magnetic force acts on a moving charge in what direction in regard tothe velocity of the charge and the direction of the magnetic field?

A

perpendicular

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30
Q

What are Newton units?

A

Kg*m/s2

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31
Q

What is the equation for volume flowrate?

A

Fluid flow speed x cross sectional area

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32
Q

What equation would you use to calculate the power and voltage in a circuit?

A

V=IRP=IVP: Watt

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33
Q

To find the charge a capacitor will store, what equation do you use? and in what unit will the charge be?

A

capacitance (F) x Voltage of batteryCharge of a capacitor is in coulomb

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34
Q

Which of the following properties of a 2.3 MHz ultrasound wave remainsunchangedas it passes into human tissues?A. FrequencyB. Wave speedC. AmplitudeD. Wavelength

A

A because the frequency of a wave is not affected by the medium through which it propagates.

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35
Q

in gas-liquid chromatography, which molecules will peak first in the gc trace?A.2-Methyl-2-butanolB.2-Methyl-2-buteneC.2-Chloro-2-methylbutaneD.2-Bromo-2-methylbutane

A

B because 2-methyl-2-butene will exhibit the lowest molecular weight and also the weakest intermolecular forces of attraction

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36
Q

Draw guanine and point the most stable position to incorporate tritium, given a water base solvant.

A

Ibecause the best site for tritium labeling would not exchange the tritium ions for protons in water. All of the N−H sites (II−IV) would readily exchange tritium protons due to their lone pair-facilitating protonation and subsequent tritium exchange with water, but the C−H site (I), lacking a lone pair, would retain its tritium label

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37
Q

That the electric field is uniform between the electrodes means that the electric field lines:

A

are equally spaced at both electrodes and between them.

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38
Q

What equation would you use to calculate the speed of a photon/wave?

A

V=λ f

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39
Q

What are the formulas for centripital force and centripital acceleration?

A

Fc= macac= v2/r

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40
Q

Give the 2 equations to find the decibels and the number of beats in a sound. give the units.

A

dB = 10 log10(I/I0)beats = Δ ƒ I: W/m2I0: reference intensity (10-12)

41
Q

Blood is transported with 200W of power for 10 min. What is the work generated in kJ

A

120 kJ

42
Q

Assume that the side of the water tank is punctured 5.0 m below the top of the water, and that atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105N/m2. What is the approximate speed of the water flowing from the hole?

A

The examinee must calculate the speed of water exiting a small puncture in the side of the tank 5.0 m below the surface of the water.The passage provides the equation needed, Bernoulli’s equation:P2+½ρv22+ρgy2=P1+½ρv12+ρgy1.Take point 2 to be at the location of the puncture and point 1 to be at the upper surface of the fluid. At point 1 above the fluid the pressureP1is the atmospheric pressure and at point 2 outside the puncture the pressureP2is also atmospheric pressure, so these terms cancel in Bernoulli’s equation for this situation.Also note that the speed of water exiting the small puncture will be much larger than the speed of the upper water level falling at point 1. Thus,v2»v1andv1may be ignored. Canceling the pressures and settingv1= 0 leaves the approximate result:½ρv22+ρgy2=ρgy1, which may be solved to yieldv2=[2g(y1–y2)]1/2.The examinee is given that the height differencey1–y2is 5.0 m, hence,v2=[2 (9.8 m/s2) (5.0 m)]1/2=[98 m2/s2]1/2≈ 10 m/s.

43
Q

What are the 2 formulas for momentum and impulse? What is the unit for momentum?

A
  • I = F Δt = ΔM* M = mvKg*m/s
44
Q

What affects the rate of substitution of protonated alcool?

A

Steric hindrance

45
Q

What type of reaction is occurring betweenI2and Zn?

A

Oxidation–reductionbecause both zinc and iodine change oxidation states during the reaction

46
Q

What type of link in DNA does a phosphodiester bond create?

A

phosphodiester bonds link the 3ʹ carbon atom of one deoxyribose and the 5ʹ carbon atom of another deoxyribose within the DNA molecules

47
Q

Gamma decay occurs when?

A

the nucleus emits a photon

48
Q

adding an oxidant to a compound leads to a more solid compound 2. this reaction can be reversed by the addition of a reducing agent. What is the most likely bound here?A.Intermolecular hydrogen bondingB.Intermolecular covalent bondingC.Intramolecular hydrogen bondingD.Intramolecular covalent bonding

A

B the interaction is disulfide bond formation

49
Q

How do you calculate the power required to keep something moving at the same speed?

A

Friction work (deceleration force) x speed

50
Q

What is the difference between a stereospecific reaction and a stereoselective reaction?

A

stereospecificity: leads to different stereoisomeres or operates on only one of the stereoisomers. Gives 100% of a particular isomer stereoselectivity: non-stereospecific mechanism, formation of multiple products, but where one of the products is favored by factors, such as steric access, that are independent of the mechanism.

51
Q

Give 2 formulas for energy concervation, what unit is energy in?

A

ET= Ek+ EpE = mc2E: joules

52
Q

What is 1 ATM in mmHg?

A

760 mmHg

53
Q

What type of functional group is formed when aspartic acid reacts with another amino acid to form a peptide bond?

A

Amide group because the functional group that forms during peptide bond formation is known as an amide group.

54
Q

When a downward force is applied at a point 0.60 m to the left of a fulcrum, equilibrium is obtained by placing a mass of10–7kgat a point 0.40 m to the right of the fulcrum. What is the magnitude of the downward force?

A

At equilibrium the torque magnitudes are equal so:FleftLleft=FrightLright. The force atLright= 0.40 m is the weight of the given mass,mg=(10–7kg)(9.8 m/s2)= 9.8 × 10–7N.The unknown force is atLleft= 0.60 m, soFleft(0.60 m)=(9.8 × 10–7N)(0.40 m)which may be solved to yieldFleft= 6.5 ×10–7m.

55
Q

What equation would you use to calculate a mirrors magnification?

A

M= -i/oi: image distanceo: object distance

56
Q

define ionisation energy

A

the energy to remove an electron to an atom

57
Q

What equation would you use to calculate the frequency?

A

f=1/TT: periode

58
Q

What are Ampere unit?

A

A=C/sC: coulomb

59
Q

The magnitude of the electric fieldEof a point charge is given by:

A

E=k q/r2

60
Q

Gives 2 formulas for spring force and work, define the variables and their units

A
  • F = -kxW = kx2/2F: newtonK=spring constant (unitless)X: extention of material (m)W: joules
61
Q

What are the heat capacityunits?

A

C=J/Co or J/Ko

62
Q

what type of bond is named branching in glycogène?

A

Branching occurs through anα-1,6-glycosidic bond in glycogen

63
Q

What sign must enthropy and gibbs energy be in order for the reaction to be described as spontanious?

A

negativeΔG° and positiveΔS°

64
Q

How do you find the conductivity if you only have the resistivity?

A

1/R=C1/C=R

65
Q

Explain bernoulli principle applied to the venturi effect?

A

V1/T1 = V2/T2Bernoulli principle: when liquid speed up, it’s pressure goes down

66
Q

how much you add to celsius to make kelvin

A

273.15

67
Q

Give the 3 equation for refraction, define the variables

A

( sin θ1)/(sin θ2) = v1/v2= n2/n1= λ1/λ2 * n = c/vθ1:incidence angleθ2: refraction angleV: velocityc: speed of light in vaccumen: refraction indiceλ: wavelenght

68
Q

Suppose that a blood vessel of cross-sectional areaAcarries microbubbles at a speedvinto a capillary bed. If the capillary bed is made up ofncapillaries, each with cross-sectional areaa, with what speed will the blood flow in the capillary bed?

A

(A/na) vifuis the speed of flow in the capillary bed, thenA×v=n×a×u, sou=A×v/(n×a).

69
Q

An artery is constricted at one location to 1/2 its normal cross-sectional area. How does the speed of blood past the constriction compare to the speed of blood flow in the rest of the artery? (Note: Assume ideal fluid flow.)It is 1/4 as fast.It is 1/2 as fast.It is 2 times as fast.It is 4 times as fast.

A

In the artery, the product of blood speed and artery cross-sectional area is everywhere constant because the volume flow rates are equal. At the point with half the normal area, the speed must double so that the same volume of blood passes through the constriction as does through the normal part of the artery.

70
Q

Sound of a known frequency, wavelength, intensity, and speed travels through air and bounces off an imperfect reflector which is moving toward the source. Which of the following properties of the sound remains the same before and after reflection?A. SpeedB. IntensityC. FrequencyD. Wavelength

A

Within still air, the speed of sound remains constant. Thus,Ais the best answer.

71
Q

draw or describe a heme

A

5 carbon ring with one double bond oposing the nitrogen.

72
Q

If you increase the ph, mol tend to protonate or deprotpnate?

A

deprotonate

73
Q

What is the equation for the variation in gibbs energy?

A

ΔG° = -RTln KeqGo: Gibbs energy (energy change for a system)R: 8.314 J/molK: equilibrium constant for this reactionT: temperature(K)

74
Q

What is the molar volume of an ideal gas at STP?

A

22.4 L/mol

75
Q

What is the equation to find torque force?define the variable with the units.

A

L1= F1× r1(CCW + ve)r: positionvectorCCW: +CW: -

76
Q

The speed of sound in a tissu can be found using which equation?

A

wavelenght * frequency

77
Q

What are Faradunits?

A

F=C/VC: coulombV: volt

78
Q

What are the units for density?

A

ρ = 1 g/cm3= 103kg/m3

79
Q

Give 2 formulas for fluid continuity (concervation) and define the variables

A
  • A v = const.* ρAv = const.A: area of a cross section of a tube or somethingV: volumeρ: density
80
Q

What equation would you use to calculate the force of attraction between 2 object?

A

F=KG (m1*m2/r2)KG: gravitational constant

81
Q

Which of the following types of orbitals of the central atom are involved in bonding in octahedral compounds?A.spB.sp3C.pD.d2 sp3

A

D because octahedral compounds have six σ bonds and no lone pairs. According to valence bond theory, the central atom requires the hybridization of six atomic orbitals, d2sp3

82
Q

A ray of light in air strikes the flat surface of a liquid, resulting in a reflected ray and a refracted ray. If the angle of reflection is known, what additional information is needed in order to determine the relative refractive index of the liquid compared to air?

A

To find the relative refractive index to air one needs both the incident and refracted angles. Since the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection we will know the angle of reflection. We still must know the angle of refraction and this is answer B. None of the other answers will allow one to know the angle of refraction.

83
Q

Which measurement unit CANNOT be used to express power?A. kg•m2• s2B. J•s-1C. ft•lb •s-1D. W

A

A because the measurement unit of power is watt, defined as J/s = ft•lb/s = kg•m2/s3

84
Q

What bond is made by glycogène synthase?

A

the main chain linkage of glycogen, which is an α-1,4-glycosidic bond

85
Q

What are Watt units?

A

W=J/s

86
Q

A common column material used in size-exclusion chromatography is dextran, a polysaccharide of glucose. Which type of interaction most likely occurs between proteins and the dextran column material?A.AromaticB.HydrophobicC.Salt bridgeD.Hydrogen bonding

A

D because a polysaccharide of glucose has numerous hydroxyl groups that can hydrogen bond to the polar side chains that are typically exposed on a protein surface.

87
Q

What equation would you use to calculate the potential energy?

A

Ep= mgh

88
Q

what are the 3 standard defining torque force at equilibrium?

A

ΣFx= 0 and ΣFy= 0* ΣL = 0

89
Q

2 balls are flotting in water. Ball 1is in the water 20 cm above Ball 2. What is the approximate difference in pressure between the 2 balls?

A

The examinee must determine the pressure difference between two locations in water at depths separated by 20 cm.The absolute pressurepat depthhbelow the surface of a fluid is:p=p0+ρgh, wherep0is the atmospheric pressure above the liquid,ρ, is the density of the liquid, andg= 9.8 m/s2.Thus, the pressure differenceΔpbetween two locations in the water would beΔp =ρgΔh, whereΔhis the difference in depth. Here,Δh= 20 cm = 0.20 m. Thus,Δp =(1000 kg/m3)(9.8 m/s2)(0.20 m)= 1960 Pa = 2.0 x 103Pa.

90
Q

What is the gibbs free energy variation equation?

A

ΔG = ΔH - TΔSG: gibbs free energy (difference in between reactant and product energy.not affected by external factor that affect the kinetic of the reaction).

91
Q

What is the volume flow rate of blood that moves at 0.20 m/s through an artery with a diameter of 1.0 ×10–2m?

A

Volume flow rate is the product of blood speed and artery cross-sectional area:(0.20 m/s)·(π/4)·(1.0 × 10–2m)2= 5π ×10–6m3/s.

92
Q

How can you find current intensity?

A

I=v/r

93
Q

what is represented by the area under graph speed as a function of time?

A

distance(m/s)*s=m

94
Q

What 2 equation 2 woud you use to calculate the energy of a photon?

A

E=hfE = hc/λf: frequency in Hzc : velocity of electromagnetic radiation in vacuumλ: wavelenght (nm ⇒ x 10-9 to put in m)h: plank constant

95
Q

Assume that the density of a Ball is 8.0 × 102kg/m3. Ignoring the atmospheric pressure, what fraction of the Ballis above the surface of the water?

A

The examinee must use the given density of water (ρ= 1000 kg/m3) and of the ball(D= 800 kg/m3) to determine the fraction of the ball above the surface of the water.As the ballfloats, part of its volume is submerged. Call this volumeVS. According to Archimedes’ Principle (AP) the upward buoyant force,B, on the ball equals the weight of water displaced by the ball.The mass of displaced water would beρVS, so the weight of displaced water would beρVSg. Thus, according to AP we can writeB=ρVSg. The ball floats, so its weightmgis balanced by the upward buoyant force, thusρVSg=mg. The ball’s mass isDV, henceρVSg=DVgwhich may be solved for the submerged volume:VS= (D1/ρ)V= (800/1000)V= 0.8V.This tells us that 0.8Vis below the surface, thusV– 0.8V= 0.2V must be above the surface.The fraction of ball 1 above the surface is thus 2/10 = 1/5.

96
Q

Give 2 equation for current and resistance, define the variables and give their units.

A

I = Q/tR = ρl/AI : intensity (Amps)Q: chargeR: resistiance of conductor (ohm/m)ρ: resistivity of material (ohm)l: lenght of conductor (m)A: area of conductor (m2)

97
Q

The relative thermodynamic stability of isomeric organic compounds can be inferred from which types of experimental data?

A

he relative thermodynamic stability of isomers can be determined based on the amount of heat produced when the compounds are combusted; less heat, greater stability

98
Q

what are the 2 thermodynamic equation? give the units

A
  • Q = mc Δ T (MCAT !)* Q = mLQ: heat gainedc: Heat capacity (J/co) or (J/Ko)L: latent heat of material (J)

MCAT (3 decks)

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