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Enviromental Science > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

1
Q

why has the per capita energy consumption increase

A

direct uses: heating, lighting, cooking, in home stuff indirect uses; commercial organisations, schools, gov transport agriculture

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2
Q

how does affluence affect energy use

A

people buy more, consume more and use more energy. more energy is used in making more products. also for more housing

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3
Q

what are the 3 types of industry

A

primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

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4
Q

how do climate conditions affect energy use

A

energy for heating wasted when heating when cold. high wind means heat loss, sunny increases passive solar gain

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5
Q

name the 4 main human activities that use energy

A

agriculture and fisheries, other industries, domestic, transport

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6
Q

how does agriculture and fisheries use lots of energy

A

machinery, chemical manufactures, food processing, storage (refrigerated foods), fuel eg for boats and water pumping

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7
Q

how do other industries use lots of energy

A

machinery operation, heat to melt materials/ baking/distillation, energy for chemical reactions, water and sewage treatment

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8
Q

how does domestic use use lots of energy

A

space heating, lighting, running appliances

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9
Q

how does transport use lots of energy

A

transport of goods and people

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10
Q

what are the 3 things that caused a change in energy use

A

income, population growth and environmental awareness

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11
Q

how does the income change energy use

A

increase means more consumers can afford to pay for more energy, affluence means higher consumption in goods. more household items to run.

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12
Q

how has population growth changed use in energy

A

total energy increases with population growth even if per-capita stays the same. struggling countries may struggle to increase national energy supplies

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13
Q

how has environmental awareness changed use in energy

A

better building conservation, choice in vehicle type and consumer goods, food choices and level of recycling

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14
Q

what restricts availability of energy availability

A

fossil fuels can’t be extracted, winds high above ground where aerogenerators can’t be located, wave power far from coasts where water is too deep for equipment, low intensity sunlight cannot produce high temps

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15
Q

what are the main locational factors and required conditions for fossil fuels

A

can only be extracted where economically exploitable deposits exist, need access to fuel supplies, condenser cooling water and suitable construction sites

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16
Q

what are the main locational factors and required conditions for nuclear power

A

high energy density fuel is easily transported, need access to condensing cooling water and a suitable construction site

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17
Q

what are the main locational factors and required conditions for solar power

A

needs high light intensity and low cloud cover

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18
Q

what are the main locational factors and required conditions for wind power

A

areas with strong reliable winds (shallow seas, open plains) and low land-use conflicts (areas with low ecological sensitivity, not near urban areas)

19
Q

what are the main locational factors and required conditions for hydroelectric power

A

coastal areas with: high reliable rainfall, small dam with large reservoir basin large catchment area, impermeable bedrock and a stable geology

20
Q

what are the main locational factors and required conditions for biofuels

A

nearby forest area, farmland for biofuel crops and crop/livestock waste, near urban areas for food storage area

21
Q

what are the main locational factors and required conditions for geothermal power

A

area with hot rocks near ground surface, recent volcanic activity

22
Q

what are the main locational factors and required conditions for tidal power

A

areas where tidal range is large, coastal features that focus tidal flow to increase flow velocity or tidal range

23
Q

why is predictability important

A

need to know how much energy is available, can make plans to use alternative resources. however som ar intermittent eg tidal

24
Q

why are high energy density resources most useful

A

smaller quantities are needed so storage and transport are easier, it’s easier to reach high temperatures

25
Q

which energy resources have a the highest to lowest energy density

A

highest; nuclear fission, hydrogen fossil fuels, wood, wind and solar power :lowest

26
Q

how will appropriate technologies increases efficiency of energy

A

if appropriate technologies are developed to be able to convert resources into more useful energy forms that we cannot currently do

27
Q

why is it difficult to move from fossil fuels to renewable energy

A

fossil fuels have shaped the way societies develop, hard to change. they have different characteristics from fossil fuels,whilst a number can generate electricity they cant reach the temperature levels fossil fuels create, or produce sufficient quantities

28
Q

what types of energy can and cant be stored

A

can: chemical energy and fossil fuels can’t: solar, wind and tidal whoever they can be stored if they’re converted into thermal or chemical energy

29
Q

how come fossil fuels and chemical energy can be stored

A

they have high energy density so a small mass can be store a large amount of energy

30
Q

what environmental impacts does energy have

A

pollution during extraction and use of fossil fuels - global climate change, manufacture of equipment used to exploit is an impact

31
Q

political influences on energy

A

may provide assistance to sections: support development cost of new technology, increase national energy security, reduce environmental impacts. done in financial grants, guaranteed price for energy produced, less strict planning regulations

32
Q

why is it difficult to calculate the full price of energy

A

price paid by energy user doesn’t always cover total cost, inc environmental damage and cost of mitigating these eg pollution causing acid rain and financial impacts it produces. difficult to assess the cost of some impacts, not fully understood eg climate change

33
Q

how can the cost of an energy project be divided

A

running costs and set up costs

34
Q

why are renewable projects at a financial disadvantage to non-renewable projects

A

the cost of renewable projects are mostly the cost of the equipment, with very low running costs so most expenditure is from a loan. Non-renewable is mainly running costs, so no loan.

35
Q

what requires energy supplies to be sustainable

A

they can be maintained without unacceptable environmental damage or economic and social impacts

36
Q

how will decisions on energy supplies affect future economies

A

depleted non-renewable resources will become more expensive, failure to invest in development of future energy supplies could result in shortage for future generations, commitments made for long-term use of future technologies may reduce future affluence

37
Q

how will future technologies help reduce environmental impacts from energy

A

will be developed to capture CO2 emissions

38
Q

for what reasons will the way energy is supplied change in the future

A

non-renewable resources are depleting, concerns on environmental damage, current supplies can’t meet growth in demand, new technologies are becoming available to harness and store

39
Q

how were fossil fuels produced

A

partial decomposition of dead organic matter under anaerobic conditions beneath layers of sediment that were deposited on the earth’s surface or seabed

40
Q

what features do fossil fuels have that makes them ideal for use

A

easy to store, high energy density - power high energy intensity activities and efficient to transport, found in very abundant deposits

41
Q

why does fossil fuels having a high energy density make them useful

A

high temperature enables smelting of ores / reach high temperatures when they burn so can produce high pressure steam and spin generators to produce electricity / high energy density allows small mass to do lots of work

42
Q

why is it not worth exploiting certain amounts of coal. natural gas and oil

A

coal: deposits are too deep, in too small amounts or in hard to reach areas natural gas: trapped in fine-grained impermeable shade deposits

43
Q

why may a large scale use of recoverable fossil fuels not be possible

A

not economically viable, cause unacceptable pollution, involve habitat damage, extraction process could cause local earth tremors

Enviromental Science (12 decks)

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