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Brain Function and Malfunction > Limbic system, memory, amnesia & dementia > Flashcards

Limbic system, memory, amnesia & dementia Flashcards

1
Q

4 parts of the limbic system

A

cortical areas - cingulate gyrus, olfactory cortex
amygdala
hippocampus
mammillary bodies of hypothalamus

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2
Q

what are the main things associated with the amygdala and the hippocampus

A

amygdala - fear

hippocampus - memory

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3
Q

what do the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus link the limbic system with?

A

endocrine system

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4
Q

function of limbic system

A

regulates emotions and memory formation

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5
Q

Main brain areas involved in memory formation

A

MTL
hippocampal formation
adjacent and connect cortical areas

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6
Q

areas of hippocampal formation involved in memory formation

A

cornu ammonis (CA1-3)
dentate gyrus
subiculum

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7
Q

Parts of the adjacent and connect cortical areas involved in memory formation

A

entorhinal cortex
perirhinal cortex
parahippocampal formation

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8
Q

case of HM

A

epilepsy - focal MTL lesion
anterograde and retrograde amnesia
short term memory and motor intact

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9
Q

skills used to demonstrate the case of HM

A

mirror drawing

rey-ostereith figure

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10
Q

2 MTL memory hypotheses

A

immediately store info, temporary buffer and ultimate storage in cortex
long term memory store in hippocampal formation with links to the cortex established during relearning or memorising

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11
Q

experiments testing MTL hypotheses

A

drugs to test acquisition and retention - lidocaine and TTx

support hypothesis 1

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12
Q

is hippocampal activity necessary for encoding or retrieving spatial memory or both?

A

both

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13
Q

declarative memory

A

episodic and semantic

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14
Q

non-declaritive memory

A

priming, habits, skills, implicit memories

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15
Q

what types of memory is the hippocampal formation crucial for?

A

episodic

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16
Q

what is neurodegenration and what happens?

A

ageing - nature and nurture
protein folding and aggregation
oxidative stress and calcium dishomeostasis
inflammation
loss of trophic factors and neuronal death

17
Q

% of AD over 65 and over 85

A

10% and 50%

18
Q

Areas of decline in AD

A

mental function, memory, acquired intellectual skills, orientation, abstract thinking, judgement

19
Q

where are beta amyloid plaques and tau tangles found?

A

ba - outside cell and tau tangles inside cell

20
Q

4 protein aggregations found in proteinopathies

A

beta amyloid
tau tangles
alpha synuclein
TDP-43

21
Q

ABC score

A

thal stage - amyloid deposition
braak stage
CERAD neuritic plaque score

22
Q

amyloid genetics

A

APP chromosome 21

trisomy 21

23
Q

risk genes of AD associated with…

A

amyloid production, transport and clearance
inflammation
metabolic function
cytoskeleton function

24
Q

cholinergic hypothesis

A

reduced ChAT - synthesis of Ach
lose cholinergic neurons
affect hippocampus and cortex

25
Q

where are the majority of cholinergic neurons lost in AD?

A

nucleus basalis of meynert

26
Q

AD neurotransmitters affected

A

glutamate, NE, serotonin

27
Q

FFT EEG

A

most commonly used approach for spectral decomposition
heavily contaminated by noise
destroys info about time

28
Q

spectral decomposition

A

separate out the frequencies and powers of the contributors

29
Q

AR EEG

A

uses previous data points to predict next points
ignores noise
time resolved

30
Q

AR in AD

A

resting EEG slowerd - decreased high power and increased low power

31
Q

what does the slowing magnitude of AR correlate with

A

MCI –> AD

32
Q

low frequency waves AR

A

delta - brain at rest

33
Q

high frequency waves AR

A

beta-gamma : early in disease

34
Q

Genetic risk factors - APOE

A

2% population have extra copy of APOE4 - greater risk of AD

35
Q

current key hypotheses - neurodegeneration and memory loss in AD

A 
APP processing and BA neurotoxicity
hyperphosphorylation of Tau
oxidative stress, ageing, metabolism
diet 
metals
36
Q

lifestyle risk factors

A

smoking, heart disease, depression, poor diet

?head trauma, infection, toxins

37
Q

diagnosing AD

A 
physical exam
cognitive testing 
brain imaging
eeg 
genetics 
blood and CSF
post mortem

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