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Chemistry/Phsyics > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

Somehow learn O-Chem

1
Q

Alkane

A

Hydrocarbon chain with only single bonds C-C

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2
Q

Alkene

A

Hydrocarbon chain with a double bond between Carbon atoms

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3
Q

Alkynes

A

Hydrocarbon chain with a triple bond between Carbon atoms

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4
Q

Alcohols

A

Hydrocarbon chain with a -OH group (primary, secondary, tertiary)

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5
Q

Organic compounds

A

carbon containing compounds with primarily covalent bonds. (C, H, O) they are non-polar molecules

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6
Q

structural isomers

A

groups of two or more compounds with the same molecular formulas but different structures and (usually) different chemical properties.

2^n where n = chiral C and number of Alkenes

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7
Q

Cis-trans isomers

A

compounds that have different configurations based around their rigid center structure. (look at smallest group)
Same side = Cis or Z
opposite side = E or trans

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8
Q

Sigma bond

A

formed from linear end to end overlap of orbitals; contains 4 excited valence orbitals
sp3
single bonds

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9
Q

Pi bond

A

formed from side to side overlap of unhybridized orbitals. seen in molecules with double bonds. contains 3 or 2 excited valence orbitals
sp2
double bonds

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10
Q

Primary/Secondary/tertiary/quaternary Carbon

A

1st/2nd/3rd/4th degree Carbons. In order, it is a Carbon atom connected to 1/2/3/4 other Carbon(s).

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11
Q

Oxidation reaction

A

The loss of a proton or an increase in the number of C-O bonds.

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12
Q

Reduction reaction

A

The reduction of C-O bonds and increase of C-H bonds (includes adding H to a double/triple bond)

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13
Q

saturated hydrocarbons

A

compound containing all carbon-carbon single bonds

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14
Q

unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

compound containing double or triple carbon bonds

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15
Q

hydration reaction (alkene)

A

reaction of an alkene that involves adding an H-OH group to replace the double C=C bond.

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16
Q

halogenation

A

alkene reaction involving the addition of a halogen to the double C=C bond via a Halic Acid.

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17
Q

hydrogenation

A

alkyne reaction involving H2 (hydrogen) and the triple bonded Carbons.

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18
Q

hydration reaction (alkyne)

A

the addition of water to an alkyne usually forms ethyne or a ketone (if 3+ carbons).

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19
Q

aromatic compound

A

molecules that contain a benzine or benzine like ring

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20
Q

IUPAC position names (aromatic)

A

(top-side-down) Ortho, meta, para.

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21
Q

halogenation (aromatic)

A

substitution reaction where a halogen is placed on an aromatic ring (replaces a H+)

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22
Q

primary, secondary, tertiary Alcohol

A
  • OH functional group and the number of C bonded to the main carbon (1 = primary; 2 = secondary; 3 = tertiary) water soluble (usually no ionization)
  • ol
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23
Q

oxidation reaction (alcohol)

A

primary: first step yields a aldehyde, second yields a COOH
secondary: yields a ketone
tertiary: none.

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24
Q

aldehdye

A

R-C(=O)-H oxygen double bonded to a carbon with a (“hidden”) H+
linear/branched/cyclic
-aldehyde
boiling point: higher than alkane, lower than -OH
used for fragrances

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25
Q

ketones

A

R-C(=O)-R’ oxygen double bonded to a carbon with two compounds (usually carbon). linear/cyclic. pleasant odors, usually higher boiling points, good solvent for organic compounds.
-one

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26
Q

dehydration reaction (of an alcohol)

A

alcohol reaction between alcohol and heat (H+) catalyst that result in water and alkene products
primary -OH dehydration forms ethers

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27
Q

ethers

A

R-O-R’ oxygen single bond between two organic compounds; can be straight or cyclic.
formed when primary alcohols are dehydrated.

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28
Q

thiols

A

R-SH mercaptans or thio alcohols. usually straight chain and a weak acid. binds well to metals because of lone pairs on S. (S = sulfur)
have power odors (onions, garlic, etc) and lower boiling point and solubility of -OH of a similar weight

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29
Q

oxidation reaction (thiol)

A

usually between two thiols, forms disulfide

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30
Q

reduction reaction (thiol)

A

disulfide is reduced to the thiols (usually done by NADH or NADPH)

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31
Q

amines

A

R-N (primary) R-N-R (secondary) 3 C’s bonded to N (tertiary) Nitrogen bonded to an organic compound. usually strong bases, primary/secondary are as water soluble as -OH, tertiary is like ethers.

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32
Q

acid-neutralization reactions

A

amine reaction with acids to produce protonated amine in a neutral solution

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33
Q

Huckel’s rule

A

the arrangement of p orbitals will contain 4n + 2 pi electrons where n = positive integer

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34
Q

phenol

A

benzine ring with -OH bonded to it. ionizes in water

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35
Q

carbonyl group

A

group composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom. (ketone, aldeyhyde, carboxylic acid)

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36
Q

oxidation reaction (ketones)

A

ketones are formed with secondary -OH oxidized.

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37
Q

reduction reaction (ketones)

A

when reduced ketones will form a secondary -OH.

again usually hydride (from NAD:H) is the reducing agent.

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38
Q

sulfone (sulfur analogs)

A

R-(O=)S(=O)-R’chemical compound containing a sulfonyl functional group attached to two carbon atoms.
it is formed when a sulfide undergoes oxidation (twice); it is an analog of ketone

39
Q

oxidation reaction (aldehyde)

A

yields the corresponding Carboxylic acid (COOH)

NAD+ is the oxidizing agent (H:)

40
Q

reduction reaction (aldehyde)

A

Yields primary -OH.

NADH and NADPH are reduction agents (H:)

41
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

general formula is RCOOH or could be a RCO2H (when R = aromatic)
-oic acid
<4C chains are soluble, then less with more C
Higher boiling/melting points

42
Q

carboxylic acid reactions

A

salt formation with hydroxide bases to form salt (Group 1 & 2) and H2O
Group 1 salts: H2O soluble
Group 2 salts: insoluble (micelle formation)

43
Q

acid anhydride formation (COOH reaction)

A

forms from two acetic acids under high heat with an acetic anhydride + H2O
Anhydride is very unstable/strained bond

44
Q

esterification

A

COOH reaction. an ester formed when a carboxylic acid and an -OH are mixed.

45
Q

amide formation

A

COOH reaction. amide formed when a carboxylic acid and an amine/ammonia are mixed.

46
Q

esters

A

RCOOR’ dervied from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
-ate.
can be cyclic/linear
small chains soluble; large less soluble
pleasant, fruity odor (flavor/fragrance industry)

47
Q

lactones

A

“cyclic esters” an ester that is synthesized from 3+ Carbon carboxylic acid that contain an -OH group on the last carbon.

48
Q

saponification

A

ester reaction. ester heated in a strong base to produce the salt of a carboxylic acid and an -OH. Hyrdolysis of the ester catalyzed by the base, in the presence of the base the COOH is neutralized and salt is formed.

49
Q

triesters

A

carbon compounds with three ester groups.

50
Q

amide

A

R-C(=O)-NH2. primary (RCONH2) secondary (RCONHR’) tertiary (RCONR’R”)
derived from COOH and amines/ammonia; can be straight or cyclic (Lactam = lactone + amine)
-amide
neutral in aq solution
water soluble (polar molecule)

51
Q

Lactam

A

Cyclic ring amide made up of lactone + amine.

common structure for antibiotics (Beta-lactams)

52
Q

hydrolysis (amide reaction)

A

yields an amine/ammonia and the COOH via the use of a base (NaOH) or an acid (HCl).

acid: product = acid and protonated amine
base: conjugate base (salt) of the acid and amine.

53
Q

polymer chains (polymerization..?)

A

amides form polyamides via peptide bonds. important in protein formation.

54
Q

Carbon amides analogs

A

three kinds: organic amide R-C(=O)-N-R’-R’
sulfonamide R-S(=O)2-N-R’-R’
phophoramide R-R-P(=O)-N-R’-R’

55
Q

Barbituric acids (Barbiturates)

A

derivative of carbonic acid: structure composed of C4H4N2O3. Formed from malonic acid and urea dehydration reaction.
can be cyclic or bound to R/R’ groups
weak acid. CNS depressants

56
Q

alkyl halides

A

halogens binding to an organic compound. F>Cl>Br>I>etc.
more halogenation will increase the boiling point and narcotic potency (Cl and Br).
small fluorinated compounds have decreased boiling points (decreases with additional F)
halogen attached to the C of the highest order.

57
Q

chiral carbons

A

carbons attached to four different groups. there is no plane of symmetry and the center of cross represents the stereocenter.
2^n (where n = chiral carbons) is the number of isomers.

58
Q

enantiomers

A

non-superimposable mirror images with 1-stereocenter

they have different reactions in chiral environments.

59
Q

diastereomers

A

non-mirror image stereoisomers for molecules that contain more than one chiral centers.

60
Q

reducing sugars (sugar reaction)

A

oxidation reaction of linear saccharides in the presence of enzymes and NAD yielding uronic and aldonic acid.

most sugars reduce (sucrose does not)

61
Q

lipids (hydrolyzable lipids)

A

any fat-soluble lipophilic molecules.

62
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

lipids without double bonds

usually more solids

63
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

with one or more double bonds.

cis (more in nature) and trans isomers are found

64
Q

triacylglycerols (triglycerides)

A

tri-esters derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.

65
Q

phosphatide

A

class of glycerolphospholipids with 2 fatty acid chains and 1 phosphorylated alcohol amine

66
Q

plasmalogens

A

class of glycerolphospholipids that have:

  • a vinyl ether (-O-CH=CHR) linkage and
  • an ester linkage
67
Q

monosaccharides

A

single sugars composed of an aldehyde or ketone group and 3-7 carbons. (CH2O)n
named by the “aldo-“ or “keto-“ and the number of C’s
contain chiral centers.

68
Q

disaccharides

A

two sugar molecules. Know:
Lactose = B-D-galactose + B-D-glucose
Sucrose = a-D-glucose + B-D-fructose
Maltose = a-D-glucose + a-D-glucose

69
Q

oligosaccharides

A

complex sugars consisting of 3-10 monosaccharides connected via an O-glycosidic bond.
-OH reaction at the anomeric carbon of one monosaccharide with the -OH group of a second sugar

70
Q

anomeric carbon

A

carbonyl carbon in a cyclic ring connected to the right of the ether. (C 1-2 bonded with two oxygens)

71
Q

D and L sugars

A

enantiomer sugar subtypes.
D: -OH on the right of the chiral C (linear) and CH2OH group on top of C-5 (cyclic sugars)
L: -OH on the Left of chiral C (linear) and CH2OH group on bottom of C-5 (cyclic)

D sugars are the “natural” sugars.

72
Q

glycerol

A

three hydroxyl groups (OH-C-COH-C-OH)

backbone of lipids

73
Q

amino acids

A

(know the characteristics of them based on the side structure)
are α-amino carboxylic acids and more specifically α-aminoacetic acid with varying substituents at the α carbon basic structure with a side chain -R that gives that amino acid it’s unique characteristic. L&D families, L used for biological synthesis
three types:
non-polar R, polar R, charged R.
water is a non-standard amino acid…?

74
Q

essential amino acids

A

you have 9 amino acids that must be obtained from diet because the body doesn’t synthesize them.

75
Q

secondary structure (Proteins)

A

local spatial arrangement of polypeptide backbone.
how the primary structure folds, twists ,bends, etc. in space.
hydrogen bonding of: -C=O one peptide bond -N-H of another peptide.
types: helical (alpha) structures and beta sheets

76
Q

anti-parallel Beta pleated sheets

A

protein strands run in opposite directions.

hydrogen bond makes its more stable

77
Q

parallel Beta pleated sheets

A

protein strands running in the same direction. less stable due to angled direction of H bond.

78
Q

tertiary structure (Proteins)

A

3-D structure of the entire polypeptide chain.
essentially a secondary structure that reaches a stable globular structure.
example: myoglobin

79
Q

globular proteins

A

proteins that form globular structures that contain like domains

80
Q

domains (proteins)

A

structurally independent units that behave like a small globular unit and can have specific functions binding of a substrate found in active sites.

81
Q

quarternary structure (protein)

A

spatial arrangement of two or more protein groups
formed by: ionic bonds (salt bridging), H+ bonding, hydrophobic interactions
example: hemoglobin

82
Q

denaturation

A

change in protein conformation caused by disruption of the non-covalent forces and disulfide bonds responsible for maintaining secondary, tertiary, quarternary structure.
caused by: pH or temperature changes, soaps, detergents
usually causes loss of biological activity.

83
Q

enzyme

A

proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering energy of activation.
biological catalyst effected by temperature and pH
reactants are call substrates (because the enzyme converts them into different molecules)
selectivity for substrates (stereoisomers, functional groups, or just one)

84
Q

optimum pH

optimum temperature

A

the respective values that promote the most active enzyme.

85
Q

catalytic site (active site)

A

site on the enzyme where the reaction occurs

86
Q

apoprotein (apoenzyme)

A

polypeptide protein part of the enzyme without the active site.

87
Q

conjugated enzymes

A

enzymes that require co-factors to be active

88
Q

co-factors

A

small molecules that may bind covalently or non-covalently to the apoprotein
organic co-factors are coenzymes.
inorganic “ “ = metal ions

89
Q

haloenzyme

A

the active form of the enzyme that contain both the apoenzyme and the cofactor(s)

90
Q

Bohr effect

A

describes a decreased oxygen affinity of Hgb in response to decreased blood pH resulting from an increased concentration of CO2 in the blood (see graph in lecture 8)

91
Q

derivatives of carbonic acid H2CO3

A

carbamic acid
Urea
carbamates (ester + amide)
malonylurea (barbituric acid)

92
Q

isoelectric point

A

“isoelectric pH” the pH at which an amino acid no longer has a net charge and is in its amphoteric (zwiterrionic) form.
Formula: pI = (pk1 + pk2) / 2
pk1 = pka of COOH
pk2 = pka of amine

93
Q

primary structure

A

order of amino acids and polypeptide chains when different amino acids present formula is:
n! (n = number of different amino acids)

Chemistry/Phsyics (2 decks)

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