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Eco Evo > Quiz 1 notes > Flashcards

Quiz 1 notes Flashcards

1
Q

evidence of first life seen around … bya
… and … of the atmosphere around 3 bya
followed by presence of … around 2.7 bya
at around 2.5 bya there was the … event where O2 levels in rocks started to rise
at about <500 mya, … showed up followed by … and then ….

A

4; photosynthesis; oxygenation; eukaryotes; great oxygenation; land plants; dinosaurs; humans

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2
Q

at around the time when earliest evidence of life came to be, earth was … than at the beginning, but still hot; the atmosphere lacked …, and there was no existing …

A

cooler; O2; land mass

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3
Q 
logic behind LUCA: 
all known life exhibits: 
... 
similar machinery of ... and ... 
same basic ...
A

genetic code (DNA); replication; protein synthesis; metabolic rxns

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4
Q

in fossil record, the organisms appear in this order (1 being earliest):

1: …
2: ..
3: …
4: …
5: …
6: …

A 
arthropods
fish
amphibians
reptiles
mammals
birds
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5
Q

Mesozoic era: 250-65 million ya:
… climate
no … present yet

A

warm; polar ice caps

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6
Q

Mesozoic includes …, …, and … periods and is defined by … at beginning and end of period

A

Triassic; Jurassic; cretaceous; mass extinctions

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7
Q

the mass extinction of the Mesozoic era that preceded dinosaurs has a cause that is still unknown: killed … life
may have been …, .., or … due to release of methane

A

marine; meteor; volcanoes; climate change

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8
Q

K-Pg boundary extinction killed …: 65 mya
…. (K)- … (Pg)
sudden mass extinction of about … of plant and animal species on Earth

A

dinosaurs; cretaceous; Paleogene; 3/4

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9
Q

K-Pg boundary extinction caused by either a massive … or …: proven bc a crater was found, … brought about by this–> stopped photosynthesis and reduced O2 levels, 6-9 mi wide crater

A

comet; asteroid; impact winter

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10
Q 
def of mass extinction is one that eliminates at least ...% of all species. there have been five mass extinctions: 
..-..
... 
...-... 
..-...
...-...
A 
O-S (Ordovician-Silurian)
late D (late Devonian) 
P-Tr (Permian-Triassic)
Tr-J (Triassic-Jurassic)
k-pg (cretaceous-Paleogene)
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11
Q

…% of all species that have ever lived have gone extinct

A

99

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12
Q

background (natural) extinction rate: estimated by looking at the fossil record: on average, a species lasts about …-… million yrs before going extinct/evolving into a new species
with about 10M species, can predict 1-10 extinct/yr (rate = 0.0001%-0.00001% per year)

A

1-10

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13
Q

current observed extinction rate: for birds and mammals = …% per year. in other words, we would have predicted only 1 species of bird/mammal to go extinct over a period of 100 years but 1850-1950, we saw 100 species lost. so …% of extinctions due to human activities

A

.01; 99

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14
Q

…: age of the mammals –> 65 mya- today

A

cenozoic

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15
Q

Precambrian period: lasted from the formation of the planet (about 4.6 bya) until the start of the … period (about 540 mya)
represents about … of earth’s history
end of Precambrian period marked by the …- the sudden diversification of multicellular life

A

Cambrian; 7/8; Cambrian explosion

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16
Q 
all living organisms: 
are ..., ... structures made up of 1 or more cells
respond to ... in the environment
... 
... and ... 
... 
maintain ... (hemostasis = steady state) 
process ... for ... activities
A 
organized; ordered; 
stimuli
reproduce
grow and develop
regulate internal functions
internal 
energy; metabolic
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17
Q

causes for Cambrian explosion:
possibly bc of …/… changes
possibly that O2 temporarily crossed … leading to an arms race of predator vs. prey, allowing carnivores and their prey to evolve, diversifying organisms

A

adaptations; environmental; ecological thresholds

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18
Q

not all organisms are equally likely to be preserved as fossils: organism’s … contributes
the organism has to be buried before it has the chance to …–> must be in location w/ a lot of …, typically near bodies of water, organism must lie in that area for long enough time and with enough …
high … and high … increase rate of decomposition, which is why there aren’t many organisms in tropical areas that are preserved as fossils

A

anatomy; decay; sediments; pressure; humidity; temperatures

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19
Q

…. is a fatal fungal disease for hibernating bats. bats roost in colonies of 100-1000 individuals

A

white nose syndrome

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20
Q

… science: “pure science”; seeks to expand knowledge regardless o the short term application of that knowledge
… science: aimed to solve real world problems

A

basic; applied

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21
Q

… hypotheses both hypothesize some effect, whereas a … hypothesis hypothesizes no difference

A

alternative; null

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22
Q

descriptive statistics relates to … and ….

inferential statistics involves …

A

central tendency; variability; t-test

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23
Q

… measures how far a set of random numbers are spread out from their mean

A

variance

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24
Q

…: quantifies the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values

A

standard deviation

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25
Q

…: serves as a baseline to compare your experimental results to. the one that “gets” the treatment. this group helps us figure out what … the independent variable had on the results

A

control group; kind of effect

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26
Q

we select a … from the population and then … from this group to the population

A

sample; generalize conclusions

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27
Q

a … will tell u whether or not sample means are significantly different

A

t-test

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28
Q

p-value: calculated from the data and is the probability that the set of events …

A

occurred by chance

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29
Q

p value is the probability that our … is true and that our … are the same

A

null hypothesis; two distributions

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30
Q

levels of organization:

… to … to … to … to … to individual

A

biosphere; biome; ecosystem; community; population

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31
Q

…: all individuals of a species in a specific location

A

population

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32
Q

…: number of individuals

…: area (quantity and/or location) of where they are found

A

size; range

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33
Q

… yrs to reach 1 billion people but then … yrs to reach 7 billion people

A

200,000; 200

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34
Q 
which factors influence the size of a population: 
… (+)
… (-)
… (+) 
… (-)
A

births
deaths
immigration
emigration

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35
Q

how do populations change over time?

…

A

r = (delta N/ delta t) / N1

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36
Q

r = …
delta N = change in …
delta t = change in …
N1 = …

A

intrinsic growth rate; population size; time; original population size

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37
Q

…: even when per capita growth rate remains constant
as population size increases, number of new individuals added per time unit …
all populations have the potential for …

A

exponential growth; increases; explosive growth

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38
Q 
why do we care about population growth? 
...availability
… 
… 
… 
… 
…
… 
…
A 
water
hunger
disease
pollution 
carbon emissions
extinctions of other species
poverty
equity
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39
Q

on average, the human population growth rate is … but yet, the population is still …

A

decreasing; growing exponentially

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40
Q

factors that influence human birth rates:
…
…
access to … (including …)

A

education
equality for women
health care; reproductive health care

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41
Q

dN/dt = rN –> …

real populations cannot maintain … for long

A

biotic potential; exponential growth

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42
Q

K = number of individuals of any particular species that can be supported in an environment …

A

indefinitely

43
Q

K = …

A

carrying capacity

44
Q

logistic growth:
dN/dt = rN
growth stops when …

A

N = K

45
Q

logistic growth can be modeled by adding a term for carrying capacity to the exponential growth equation:
…
this term is called …

A

(K - N)/K; environmental resistance

46
Q

…: all alleles present in all individuals in a species

A

gene pool

47
Q

geological time scale: … –> … –> …

A

eras; periods; epics

48
Q

… = number of individuals with a genotype/ total number of individuals in a population

A

genotype frequency

49
Q

phenotypic variation can either be environmental or genetic
environmental takes place on the … and is …
genetic variation is …

A

individual; not heritable; heritable

50
Q

(sources of genetic variation)
… ( in sexual reproduction): the process of making haploid gametes in which the combination of alleles that are placed into a given gamete could be any combination of those possessed by the diploid parent

A

random assortment

51
Q

(sources of genetic variation)

… lead to variation

A

mutations

52
Q

(sources of genetic variation) types of mutation:
… mutations:
subcategories of this: … substitution and … mutations

A

point; base; frameshift

53
Q

(sources of genetic variation) mutations can lead to a faulty protein –> … mutation
it can lead to an incomplete protein with an early stop codon –> … mutation
there can be mutations with no effect –> … mutation
and normal proteins are called …

A

missense; nonsense; silent; wild type

54
Q

mutations lead to phenotypic variation through changes in …, which can result in changes to … and changes to …

A

gene expression; physical characteristics; gene regulation

55
Q 
somatic mutations: 
occur in … tissues and cannot be … 
germline mutations: 
present in … or … 
can be … 
cause cancer family syndrome
A

nongermline; inherited; egg; sperm; inherited

56
Q

every time human DNA is passed from one generation to the next it accumulates … - … new mutations
for humans at birth (germline for parents), about one mutation occurs for every … base pairs –> about … base pairs, which means about …. mutations per person

A

100; 200; 30 million base pairs; 3 billion; 100

57
Q

(sources of genetic variation) ..: during meiosis, pairs of homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) can exchange DNA in a process called …

A

recombination; crossing over

58
Q

recombination shuffles mutations to produce new

A

sequences

59
Q

gene flow = …

A

migration

60
Q

evolution is change in … of biological populations over successive generations

A

heritable traits

61
Q

evolution = change … of a population over time

A

allele frequencies

62
Q

…: population is not evolving

A

hardy Weinberg equilibrium

63
Q 
assumptions of hardy Weinberg: 
no … 
no … 
no … 
… 
…
A 
selection
mutation
migration
large population 
random mating
64
Q

mutation increases … and generates … for other evolutionary processes (e.g. natural selection, drift)

A

genetic diversity; raw material

65
Q

where do mutations come from?
rarely from the ..
mostly from …
errors occur about every … copies

A

environment; DNA copy mistakes; 1 billion

66
Q

gene flow (migration):
can increase genetic diversity in a population with …
can decrease genetic diversity in a population as …

A

new immigrants; emigrants leave

67
Q

…: random change in allele frequencies –> … form of evolution

A

genetic drift; non adaptive

68
Q

drift is less dramatic in … populations

A

large

69
Q

genetic drift: changes in allele/genotype frequencies due to …

A

chance

70
Q

…: an event that drastically reduces the size of a population

A

population bottleneck

71
Q

examples of events causing a bottleneck:
…
…
…

A

natural disaster
overhunting
habitat destruction

72
Q

…: a new colony or population is started by a subset of the original population

A

founder effect

73
Q

genetic result TYPICALLY … variation and is a random process not operating on …

A

decreases; fitness

74
Q

founder events and bottlenecks result in genetic drift because they end with a much smaller … and allele frequencies vary more … in small populations

A

population; rapidly

75
Q

…: a characteristic that enhances the survival or reproduction of organisms that bear it

A

adaptation

76
Q

if an … is advantageous for the individual in terms of … and/or …, it will become more common in the population over time by natural selection

A

allele; survival; reproduction

77
Q

requirements for natural selection:
…
… (Survival and Repro)
traits must be …

A

variation
differential success
inherited

78
Q

…: emphasizes genetic basis of evolution

A

modern synthesis

79
Q

natural selection results in … fluctuations in allele frequencies

A

non random

80
Q

deer mice:
Mc1r gene influences … via the production of …
dark hair produced by high levels of … ( a pigment). light hair has lower levels of this
2 alleles:
MR -wild type- … levels of eumelanin
Mc - mutant- … production of eumelanin

A

coat color; pigment; eumelanin; regular; reduced

81
Q

…: measure to which an individual’s genotype is represented in the next generation

A

fitness

82
Q

lava rocks in both Arizona and New Mexico

rock pocket mice show similar patterns of ..

A

selection

83
Q

… selects against the extremes
… selects against one of the two extremes
… selects against the mean

A

stabilizing selection
directional selection
disruptive selection

84
Q

bacteria:
…
single celled
… cell wall

virus:
small infectious agent
has … genome
packaged in a ..

A

prokaryotes; peptidoglycan; nucleic acid; protein coat

85
Q

antibiotics simply become less effective when mutated (resistant) bacteria … and. ..

A

survive and reproduce

86
Q

stronger antibiotics are needed to kill …

A

now resistant populations

87
Q

mutations occur regardless; mutations persist when they confer a … in the face of antibiotics

A

selective advantage of resistance

88
Q

when prescribed antibiotics, must take entire treatment otherwise can …

A

confer resistance

89
Q

natural selection results in changes in … depending on whether the allele benefits or harms the survival and reproduction of an organism

A

allele frequency

90
Q

types of selection: based on changes in allele frequency
…: increasing frequency of a beneficial allele (an allele that confers an increase in fitness to an individual that has it)

A

positive

91
Q

types of selection:
…: decreasing frequency of a deleterious allele (an allele that results in a reduction in fitness to an individual that has it)

A

negative

92
Q

types of selection:

…: maintains two or more alleles in a population

A

balancing

93
Q

advantages of normal RBC: good at …
advantages of sickle cells: …
disadvantages of normal RBC: susceptible to …
disadvantages of sickle cells: …

A

carrying oxygen; resistant to malaria; malaria; blood clots

94
Q

complete dominance:
… genotypes
… phenotypes

A

three; two

95
Q

incomplete dominance:
… genotypes
… phenotypes

A

three; three

96
Q

selection acts upon …, which are controlled y genes, so selection changes genotype and allele frequencies

A

phenotypes

97
Q

fitness = … x …

importance of reproduction is … to survival in terms of selection

A

survival; reproduction; equal

98
Q

…: special case of natural selection; it acts on an organism’s ability to obtain or successfully copulate with a mate

A

sexual selection

99
Q

types of sexual selection: … and …

A

Intrasexual; intersexual

100
Q

… (biological) = biological trait determined by specific sex chromosomes inherited from both parents

female: only … chromosomes (with some exceptions)
male: includes presence of a … chromosome (with some exceptions)

A

sex; X; Y

101
Q

… = socially, culturally and personally defined –> exists on a continuum; not biologically defined

A

gender

102
Q

… selection: competition among members of the same sex for reproductive access

A

Intrasexual

103
Q

… selection: members of one sex choose members of the opposite sex to mate with based on traits

A

intersexual

104
Q

what evolution isn’t:
…: animals evolve because they ‘want’ or ‘need to’ –> change in an individual’s lifetime
natural selection: survival of the …

A

Lamarckism; fittest

Eco Evo (11 decks)

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