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bi401 > QUIZ #1 > Flashcards

QUIZ #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Endosymbiosis

A

One organism living within another different organism

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2
Q

What are the four types of endosymbiosis

A

Mutualistic, Commensal, Parasitic and Obligate

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3
Q

Define mutualism

A

each organism gets something useful from the relationship

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4
Q

define commensalism

A

one organism benefits, but there is no cost to the other

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5
Q

define parasitism

A

one organism benefits at the cost of another organism

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6
Q

define obligatory endosymbiosis

A

endosymbiont and host cannot live without the other

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7
Q

define astrobiology

A

the study of the origin, evolution distribution and future of life in the universe

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8
Q

T or F: the cause of the massive blast of the big bang theory is unknown

A

T

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9
Q

prior to the big bang the entire contents of the universe were contained in a very ______ area

A

small

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10
Q

Step One of the Big Bang Theory

A

Exergonic reaction, large inflation, no light in the universe

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11
Q

Step Two of the Big Bang Theory

A

Energy starts to dissipate, losing heat, some electrons, subatomic particles

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12
Q

Step Three of the Big Bang Theory

A

Rapidly cooling phase, subatomic particles starting to clump. All happened within a second or less

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13
Q

Step Four of the Big Bang Theory

A

Still too hot to form basic elements, electrons+protons start to charge. 1-2 minutes

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14
Q

Step Five of the Big Bang Theory

A

As things cool, particles interact and create something meaningful, hydrogen and helium, light created due to fision

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15
Q

Step Six of the Big Bang Theory

A

Large masses start ti interact, forces like gravity develop, elements like helium are pulled together to form galaxies, smaller clumps of gasses form suns and stars

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16
Q

Step Seven of the Big Bang Theory

A

Exergonic reactions form other elements, planets are formed from different types of gasses

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17
Q

How are solar systems formed

A

Warmer temperatures allow elements to fuse together to form planets, rocky planets are closeby and gassier planets are on the outside. gassy planets made of hydrogen and helium gas

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18
Q

Rocky planets are called

A

terrestrial

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19
Q

Gassy planets are called

A

Jovian

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20
Q

moons are made of

A

disks of dust and gas that surround the planets

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21
Q

How are planets formed (Steps?)

A 
1- Accretion
2- Heating and Melting
3- Core formation
4- Cooling and Crust Formation
5-Geological Activity (erosion, tectonics)
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22
Q

What are some characteristics that allow life?

A

Water, Geology, nutrients in soil, weather conditions, axis tilt and rotation, distance from the sun, gravity, ozone layer, magnetic field

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23
Q

What Biological characteristics define life? (

A

Metabolism, Growth and development, reproduction, response to stimuli, homeostasis, organization at the cellular level

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24
Q

T or F: the biological characteristics that define life include viruses

A

F

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25
Q

What is an indicator of the earths age

A

Large impact radiators

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26
Q

What was the Canyon Diablo meteoroite?

A

in 1953, earth was estimated to be 4.5 billion years old due to the radiometric dating of led isotopes in the sample

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27
Q

What are stromatolites

A

Produced by biofilms, usually made up of cyanobacteria

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28
Q

How are microfossils tested for biogenicity

A
  • mm-scale morphology
  • carbon isotopic composition
  • chemical composition
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29
Q

T or F: Testing microfossils can be very difficult to do

A

T

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30
Q

What are the 2 stable isotopes of carbon

A

C-12 and C-13

31
Q

The Abiotic ratio in mineral compounds is:

A

89

32
Q

The Biotic ratio for Carbon 12 is:

A

92

33
Q

T or F: 4500MYA earth had no atmosphere

A

T

34
Q

When did the earth start to cool

A

3800 MYA

35
Q

when the planet starts to cool, ______ condenses to form ______

A

water, oceans

36
Q

T or F: Early earth (3800MYA) had high levels of UV radiation

A

T

37
Q

Define Exogenesis

A

Life originated elsewhere in the universe and the Earth was “seeded” with this life by meteoroids, asteroids and planetoids

38
Q

What are the requirements for Exogenesis

A
  • Life must be able to TRAVEL through space
  • Life must be able to SURVIVE impacts into earth
  • Life must have existed ELSEWHERE in the universe prior to the seeding of the earth
39
Q

When Horneck et al. put spores of bacterium into space for 2 weeks, what was the result?

A

Spores exposed to UV did not survive, spores protected from UV by powder of clay, rock or meteoroties

40
Q

what 2 ways are scientist looking for life elsewhere in the universe

A
  • sending robot probes to mars

- SETI

41
Q

Define Abiogenesis

A

Life arose from inanimate inorganic and organic molecules through natural processes

42
Q

What are the basic steps of Abiogenesis

A

Origin of biological monomers -> Origin of biological polymers -> transition from molecules to cells

43
Q

What are the two requirements for abiogenisis

A
  • Formation of monomers must be possible under the conditions of early earth
  • Some explanation of transition from molecules to cells must be provided
44
Q

What was the Urey-Miller Experiment

A

1953, Stanley miller conducted an experiment where he created the basic building blocks of life under conditions that mimicked what was then known about the conditions of early earth

45
Q

What are made as a result of the Urey Miller Experiment?

A

22 amino acids were formed along with several other organic compounds

46
Q

What were some problems with the urey miller experiment?

A

Relies upon a reducing atmosphere and certain types of gases being present
- also made a lot of assumptions about gases, temperature, etc

47
Q

Who is Joan Oro

A

Demonstrated prebiotic synthesis of nucleobase adenine from hydrogen cyanide in 1959-1962

48
Q

Describe vesicle bound abiogenesis

A

Fatty acids formed by geysers and released as water droplets

  • organized themselves into micelles
  • then join together to form a bilayer
49
Q

in some cases, a strand will fold just right to form a ______, which can speed up replication and induce ______

A

ribozyme, variation

50
Q

what was kamimura and kanekos project

A

created a computer program that created fast and slow producing molecule, eaach time they ran it it would make a replica of itself

51
Q

What are the two theories for organic molecules to protocells

A

1- Genes first: RNA world self-replicating and catalytic RNA

2- Metabolism first: must have organization and harness energy first before storage of information

52
Q

What is the RNA world hypothesis

A

hypothesizes that RNA predated DNA and protein synthesis

53
Q

what are the requirements for the RNA work hypothesis

A
  • building blocks of RNA must be present (nitrogenous base and sugar phosphate backbone)
  • RNA must have been able to organize itself and perform metabolism
54
Q

what is the iron-sulfur world

A

Iron sulfide minerals provided a surface for life to develop on, since iron and sulfur are usually enzymatic requirements

55
Q

what is the deep-hot biosphere model

A

life developed at the core of the earth

56
Q

what is the Hansma Mica theory

A

mica has very small gaps between them and life may have developed through surfaces in the cracks

57
Q

Hetero vs Autotrophic origin:

A

Heterotrophic: complex prebiotic chemistry and simple metabolism VS
Autotrophic: simple chemical ambient and complex metabolism

58
Q

Genetics vs metabolism first origin:

A

Genetics: early spontaneous, self-replicative polymers VS

Metabolism first: primitive bioenergetic mechanisms

59
Q

Cells as latecomers VS cells as early invents

A

Latecomers: cells as mere compartments for replicators VS

Early invents: cells as necessary elements for bioenergetics

60
Q

what are some characteristics of prokaryotes

A

lack a cell nucleus, lack membrane bound organelles

61
Q

who is antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A

made his own microscope, first person to observe bacteria

62
Q

Who is Louis Pasteur

A

invented process of pasteurization and originator of the germ theory of disease

63
Q

Who is Paul Ehrlich

A

First anitbiotic based off staining of syphillis

64
Q

Who is Alexander Fleming

A

Discovery of penicillin

65
Q

most of what we know about prokaryotes comes from studies of ______ and not _______

A

bacteria, archaea

66
Q

Who is Carl Woese

A

Sequenced rRNA form prokaryotes, defined archaea as a new domain of life as a result

67
Q

what are some types of prokaryotic species

A

E coli, Staph, Strep, H pylori,

68
Q

What are the 5 identified phyla of archaea

A

Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Korarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota

69
Q

define some characteristics of Crenarchaeota

A

thermophillic, abundant in marine environment

70
Q

what are some examples of Eryarchaeota

A

Methanogens, halobacteria, thermophillic anaerobes and aerobes

71
Q

what are some characteristics of Korarchaeaota

A

only in extremely high temps, no pure culture exists

72
Q

What are some characteristics of nanoarchaeota

A

obligate symbiont, one of the smallest genomes known

73
Q

what is the new archaeic division proposed in 2008

A

Ttaumarchaeota

74
Q

what is the difference between monoderms and diderms

A 
monoderms = gram +ve, only cell wall and membrane
diderm = gram-ve acteria, inner and outer membrane with cell wall and periplasmic space

bi401 (4 decks)

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