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PSYC1013 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Research enterprise: why psychology is empirical?

A

dealing with data and observations dealing with human or animal behvaiour, study a lot of different individuals to derive these basic principles

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2
Q

scientific approach

A

psychologists use scientific approach, assume events are governed by lawful order, what the laws of behaviour are. It is a standardized way of making observations, gathering data, forming/testing theories, interpreting results

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3
Q

Qualitative Research

A

could you tell me about x… (asking the patients to describe, interviews, etc)

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4
Q

Quantitative Research

A

Looking at numbers and statistics etc

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5
Q

Goals of Scientific Enterprise

A
  1. measurement and description
  2. Understanding and prediction
  3. application and control
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6
Q

Measurement and Description

A

goals of scientific enterprise Develop techniques to measure and describe behaviour. (ex: stress, physiological markers, for a study we can measure all or just some)

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7
Q

Understanding and Prediction

A

a goal of scientific enterprise which variables we are testing and how we test them, also predicting the outcome

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8
Q

hypothesis

A

a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables (the relationship we think exists in the variables i’m looking at, the outcome we predict or expect)

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9
Q

Variables

A

Measurable conditions, events or characteristics, that are controlled or observed in a study (age, gender, sports, love)

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10
Q

Application and control

A

a goal of scientific enterprise application to everyday problems, base research- foundation for other research, creating a theory

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11
Q

theory

A

System of interrelated ideas used to explain or organize a set of observations

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12
Q

Shacter

A

We have the same physiological effects but different feeling

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13
Q

Dutton and Aron

A

1974- can fear increase sexual attraction? suspension bridge (scary), and low (not scary) bridge, half were sent on the scary and the other half low, after they cross met a woman who gave them her number for info then were given a TAT test, more of the men from the scary bridge called her and saw sexual themes in the TAT test. they interpreted their physical reaction to fear as sexual attraction

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14
Q

TAT

A

Thematic Apperception Test

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15
Q

Scientific Investigation steps

A
  1. formulate testable hypothesis
  2. Select research method and design study
  3. collect the data
  4. analyze the data and draw conclusions
  5. report the findings
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16
Q

Formulate testable hypothesis

A

first step of the scientific investigation: must be precise, variables clearly defined, operational definition: describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable

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17
Q

Select a research method and design study

A

second step of the scientific investigation: how should we study the question, experiments, case studies, surveys etc.

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18
Q

participants or subjects

A

persons/ animals whose behaviour is being systematically observed

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19
Q

Collect the Data

A

third step of scientific investigation: procedures for making empirical observations (direct, questionnaire, interview, etc)

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20
Q

Analyze the data and draw conclusions

A

fourth step of scientific investigation: use statistical results to test hypothesis

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21
Q

report the findings

A

fifth and final step of the scientific investigation writing the paper, published the paper (peer-reviewed journals)
Presenting the paper

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22
Q

Peer reviewed journal

A

a periodical that published technical and scholarly material

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23
Q

Advantages of Scientific Method

A

gives clarity and precision, suppose to be relatively intolerant to errors– replication crisis

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24
Q

Replication Crisis

A

research journals were publishing things that were not discovered, thats a tendency for people to only show certain results, so we want to make sure we replicate our results so we can stand firmly behind them

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25
Q

Research Method:

A

Approach to observe, measure, manipulate and control variables in empirical studies

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26
Q

What are research methods

A

experimental, descriptive/ correlational

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27
Q

Experiment

A

Manipulate a variable to observe changes in a second variable (detection of cause and effect)

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28
Q

Independent variable (IV)

A

variable tha tis manipulated or controlled

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29
Q

Dependent variable (DV)

A

variable that is measured and thought to be affected by IV

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30
Q

Experimental group

A

receives special treatment with respect to IV

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31
Q

Controlled Group

A

does not receive special treatment with respect to IV

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32
Q

Extraneous Variable

A

differences between groups that could contaminate results, not intentionally studying

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33
Q

Confound

A

occurs when variables are linked together, so difficult to separate specific effects, Not good!!

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34
Q

Single Group

A

more than one condition (within subjects design) ex. testing their driving ability before alcohol to test them based on their own ability

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35
Q

variations in experimental design

A

more than one dependent, more than one independent

36
Q

what happens when there is more than one dependent variable

A

testing if the independent variable affects 2 different variables (ex: testing how many errors they make, how fast they go)

37
Q

what happens in experiment with more than one independent variable

A

interactions between variables, you can look at a different relationship if you test more than one variables

38
Q

Advantages of Experimental research

A

can draw cause and effect conclusions

39
Q

disadvantages of experimental research

A

artificial nature, ethical limitations, practical limitations

40
Q

artificial nature

A

in terms of how we are trying to understand how our memory works, hard to replicate real life scenarios to see how it would work in a natural setting

41
Q

Ethical Limitations

A

cant test on humans in some case scenarios, legal expectations to protect participants

42
Q

Practical limitations

A

unable to manipulate some IV, which condition you woulf fall into would already be decided

43
Q

pseudo experiment

A

manipulated other variables

44
Q

Descriptive/ Correlational research

A

used when a researcher cannot manipulate the variables under study, do surveys, and then look at the outcome in relation to the behaviour pattern that was described, can discover relation between variables but cannot determine causation

45
Q

naturalistic observations

A

descriptive research, observe without intervening

46
Q

pros of naturalistic observation

A

less artificial results

47
Q

cons of naturalistic observations

A

difficult to be unobtrusive, problems with reactivity (people know they are bring watched so they will act differently), need to make sure you set up an experiment where people do not know they are being watched

48
Q

Case Studies

A

investigation of one subject (one individual) ex: clive Wearing, patterns across case studies

49
Q

Pro of case study

A

compelling

50
Q

cons of case study

A

never be able to modify variables to execute a study, might not be representative

51
Q

Surveys

A

Questionnaires gathering information, on background and behaviour, get the same information if we ask similar groupd of peopl

52
Q

Pros of survey

A

Difficult to observe (we can’t follow you around) lots of data

53
Q

cons of survey

A

depends on self report (remembering accurately and reporting accurately), depends on how people interpret the question, social dersirability (more likely to paint themselves in a more positive light) response set (same answer to all the questions), halo effect (sometimes when you evaluate someone really good in one field you assume they are good in the rest)

54
Q

types of descriptive/ correlational research

A

surveys, case studies, naturalistic observation

55
Q

Statistics

A

using mathematics to organize, summarize, interpret data

56
Q

everyday stats

A

weather network, predicting based on stats sports

57
Q

descriptive stats

A

taking statistics to describe the population, organizing or summarizing (describing the population)

58
Q

interferential stats

A

taking a random sample group from the population to test hypothesis and draw conclusions about the population (making predictions about the population)

59
Q

measures of central tendency

A

typical or average score in a distribution

60
Q

median

A

pick the score in the centre distribution

61
Q

mean

A

average, some cases not accurately describing because some answers would pull it up or down

62
Q

mode

A

most frequently occurring scores

63
Q

variability

A

how different are the scores in the distribution

64
Q

standard deviation

A

index amount of variability (high SD is answers vary a lot, low SD are similar answers)

65
Q

Normal distribution

A

symmetrical, bell shaped curve, certain traits correspond with it (nose length, height, etc)

66
Q

when does correlation exist

A

when 2 variables are related

67
Q

correlation coefficient

A

numerical index of degree of relationship between 2 variables, 0(no relation)-1(perfect relation), positive or negative describe the direction of the relationship ** -1 is still perfect correlation

68
Q

Positive correlation

A

both variables increase at the same time

69
Q

negative correlation

A

variables are changing in different directions ex: lecture length and attentiveness

70
Q

correlation coefficient of 0

A

scattered results, no relation

71
Q

relation between causation and correlation

A

correlation shows the relationship between 2 variables but does no equal causation, we cannot determine the cause based on the correlation coefficient

72
Q

3rd variable in correlation

A

2 variables might be highly correlated but not causally related, because of a third variable that is what is causing the relationship

73
Q

statistical significance

A

probability that observed results are due to chance is very low (less than 5 chances in 100 or 0.05). After we collect data have to ask “what . is the likely hood that the difference is due to chance?” cant just look at the two numbers

74
Q

Evaluating research

A

look at replication- can the results be duplicated? redo those experiments to see if we can get the same results, give confidence in those results

75
Q

Meta- Analysis

A

a study of many other studies, go through all the studies and code them to do meta analysis to retest those same ideas, combines the statistical results of all the studies asking the same question to do the experiment with more data to get more accurate results

76
Q

sample

A

collection of subjects drawn from a larger group

77
Q

Population

A

larger group that the sample is drawn from

78
Q

sampling bias- WEIRD

A

White, Educated, from Industrial countries, Rich, from Democratic countries

79
Q

Representative sample

A

sample that represents the population accurately, equal proportions to all groups, if it isn’t, the drawn conclusions do not represent society

80
Q

placebo effect

A

when a participants expectations lead them to experience some positive change even though they receive empty, fake or ineffectual treatment

81
Q

Nocebo

A

expect that there will be negative effects

82
Q

Experimenter bias

A

expectations influence results, ex: rosenthal and fode 2 groups of research assistants were told to expect two different results for the same experiment, received the results the expected,

83
Q

Double Blind Procedure

A

participant and researcher both do not know the condition of the participant

84
Q

CPA and APA ethical standards

A

humans and animal subjects must be treated with dignity

85
Q

the question of deception

A

history of deception in psychology, subjects are told they are being tested for one thing but are actually being tested on another, continues to be used, can be useful

86
Q

research funding and ethics

A

tri-council policy on ethics, research ethics board

PSYC1013 (8 decks)

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