Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > 8.2 > Flashcards

8.2 Flashcards

(83 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What happens in oxidation

A

loses electrons

gains oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens in reduction

A

Gains electrons

loses oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are redox reactions usually coupled with

A

electron carriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name an example of an electron carrier

A

NAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do redox reactions often transfer

A

two hydrogen ATOMS to the carrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens to NAD in glycolysis

A

it is reduced to become NADH + H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does reduced NADH + H+ go to

A

transferred to a mitochondrion where it can be used up in the electron transport chain to generate ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is NADP

A

the main carrier for photosynthetic reactions whereas NAD is used for the bulk of respiration reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference between NAD and NADP

A

NADP has an extra phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Oxidation

A

Oxygen - gained
hydrogen - lost
electrons - lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reduction

A

oxygen - lost
hydrogen - gained
electrons - gained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens when a phosphate group is added to a whole molecule

A

it becomes much less stable and more likely to react or break down into smaller molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is phosphorylation based on

A

the hydrolysis of an ATP molecule in an exergonic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the purpose of phosphorylation of molecules

A

to make them more reactiev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is glycolysis

A

a metabolic pathway which gives a small yield of 2 ATP and 2 reduced NADH + H_.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is broken down in glycolysis

A

A hexose sugar (6C) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (3C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the first step of glycolysis

A

phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what takes place in phosphorylation during glycolysis

A

a hexose sugar (glucose) is phosphorylated by two molecules of ATP (adding two phosphates on the end)

this makes the molecules less stable and more reactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the second step fo glycolysis

A

lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what takes place in lysis in glycolysis

A

the hexose diphosphate 6C sugar is split into two triode phosphates (3c)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the 3rd step fo glycolysis

A

Oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What takes place in the oxidation of glycolysis

A

Hydrogen atoms are removed from each fo the 3c sugared, reduce NAD+ to NADH+ H+

two molecules of NADH are produced in total, one from each sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the fourth step of glycolysis

A

ATP formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens in ATP formation in glycolysis

A

some of the energy released is directly used to synthesis ATP

(substrate level phosphorylation)

4 molecules of ATP are generate in total but 2 per ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the net total of ATP produced
2 ATP (4 - 2)
26
Sumarise the steps of glycolysis
Phosphorylation - hexose sugar is phosphorylated by two molecules of ATP causing it to become less stable lysis - the hexose diphosphate is broken down into triose phosphates (3C) oxidation - two hydrogen atoms are removed from the two triode phosphates, reducing NAD to NADH+ H+. ATP formation - energy is used to synthesis ATP net total of two ATP
27
How many hydrogen atoms are removed from each triode biphosphates in glycolysis
2 hydrogen atoms
28
equation of glycolysis
Glucose --------- 2 pyruvate + H20 2ADP + 2P -------- 2 ATP 2NAD+ ------ 2 NADH + 2H+
29
What is a pathway where decarboxylation and oxidation occur
the link reaction pathway
30
What happens during a decarboxylation reaction
carbon is lost as carbon dioxide
31
How is pyruvate oxidized to acteyl coA in the link reaction
it loses hydrogen
32
What is the equation for the link reaction
pyruvate - Co2 exists, NAD enters and reduced into NADH, coenzyme A enters - forms acetyl CoA
33
When does link reaction
after glycolysis but only if oxygen is available
34
Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells?
cytoplasm
35
During glycolysis, when each glucose molecule is catalytically broken down to two molecules of pyruvate, most of the potential energy contained in glucose is
retained in the two pyruvates
36
Where does the Krebs cycle take place
in the mitochondrial matrix
37
where does the link reaction happen
in the mitochondrial matrix and generates acetyl CoA that will be assimilated into the Krebs cycle
38
What happens to acetyl coA in the Krebs cycle
acetyl CoA transfers its acetyl group to a 4c compound to make a 6 compound (citrate) co enzyme A is then released and can return back to the link reaction
39
What happens in the Krebs cycle
Pyruvate joins with acetyl coA (4c + 2c) to form citrate (6C) 6C is decarboxylated (Co2 leaves) and it is also oxidized (2H leaves to reduce Nad into NADH + H+) forming 5C 5C is then decarboxylated (Co2 leaves) and it is also oxidized (2H leaves to reduce Nad into NADH + H+) forming 4C. ATP is formed as well 4C is rearranges and oxidized, NAD is reduced and FAD is also reduced to FADH2
40
What does a single cycle and a double cycle of Krebs cycle produce
2 x CO2; ATP, FADH2; 3NADH+H+ 4CO2; 2ATP; 2FADH2, 6NADH+H+
41
What happens to the lost hydrogen atoms
picked up by hydrogen carriers NAD and FAD
42
What happens to the acetyl group from the link reaction
it is successively oxidized and decarboxylised
43
What is the overall maximum yield of one glucose molecule that has been completely broken down
38 molecules of ATP
44
how many pyruvate does one glucose yield
two
45
How many decarboxylation reactions are there in the Krebs cycle and link in total
three decarboxylation reactions
46
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?
oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the Krebs cycle
47
Where do all the electron carriers go after the Krebs cycle and glycolysis and the link reaction
to special protein complexes such as the electron transport chain
48
What is the inner mitochondrial membrane folded into
cristae - which increases the surface area
49
Where is the ATP synthase located
at the inner mitochondrial membrane
50
what does the ATP synthase use
hydrogen ions (protons) gradient to synthesis ATP
51
What is the final electron acceptor
oxygen
52
where do electrons come in from
from the mitochondrial matrix - into the inner mitochondrial membrane and out into the intermembrane space
53
What do FADH2 and NADH+H+ do in the electron transport chain
they donate their electrons to proteins (4 complexes in the chain)
54
how many protein complexes are there in the ETC
four
55
what happens to the electron carriers in ETC
they are oxidized, and leave behind H+ (proton),
56
What do the protein complexes do in the ETC
they pass the electrons across the chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane this pumps protons into the inter membrane space at the same time
57
How is a proton gradient formed
they are pumped into the intermembrane space, producing a large concentration of protons
58
What happens as the electrons are passed down the protein complexes in the ETC
they reach the final protein and oxygen comes in to accept the electrons from the protein complex and combine them with the protons to form water
59
What is the final electron acceptor
oxygen and results in the form of water
60
What protein produces ATP using the proton gradient
ATP synthase
61
What does ATP synthase allow
allows for the protons to flow through the core, spin like a turbine, phosphorylating ADP into ATP
62
What is chemiosmosis
when Protons come through the ATP synthase and spin around, ADP is phosphorylated into ATP, forming 34 molecules of ATP
63
How many ATP molecules does Chemiosmosis produce
34 ATP
64
What energy does the ATP synthase use
energy from the ETC
65
What does oxygen also help in the ETC
helps maintain the hydrogen gradient in the matrix by binding with the free protons to form water
66
How many molecules of ATP can NADH+H+ give rise to
three ATP molecules
67
How many molecules of ATP can FadH2 give rise to
two molecules of ATP
68
When does FADH2 donate its electrons
at a later step than NADH+H+
69
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
inner membrane of the mitochondria
70
In cellular respiration, the energy for most ATP synthesis is supplied by:
a proton gradient across a membrane
71
What happens to oxygen during aerobic cell respiration?
oxygen is reduced by accepting electrons at the end of the ETC
72
Structures of the mitochondria
``` Inter-membrane space Matrix Cristae Inner membrane Outer membrane 70s ribosomes Mitochondrial DNA ```
73
What is the function of the cristae
forms a large surface area for the electron transport chain and ATP synthase
74
What is the function of the 70s ribosomes
synthesizes some of the proteins and enzymes needed within the mitochondrion
75
What si the function of the protein coated circular DNA
codes for some of he mitochondrial proteins
76
What is the function of the outer mitochondrial membrane
isolates the content of the mitochondrion from the cytoplasm to allow optimum conditions for reactions of aerobic respiration
77
what is the function of the matrix
enables the link reaction and the Krebs cycle to process at an appropriate rate due to the enzymes and fluidity
78
what is the role of the intermemrbane space
allows for the fast accumulation sos protons needed for chemiosmosis
79
what does recent hypotheses suggest about cristae
that it is dynamic and can react to the varying biochemical conditions that exist inside a mitochondrion
80
What does electron tomography allow for
three dimensional images of mitochondria to be made, supporting the idea that the dynamic nature and fluidity of the Christie proteins can also be visualized within active mitochondria
81
What happens when glucose is not available for cellular respiration
fatty acids will directly enter the link reaction and go on
82
What is a key component required for the synthesis of acetyl-CoA?
pyruvic acid
83
What is chemiosmosis?
Protons moving down a concentration gradient into the matrix.

Biology (51 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions