8.2

Question 1

why occurs in anaerobic respiration?

Answer 1

glycolysis only

Question 2

what occurs in aerobic respiration?

Answer 2

• glycolysis
• link reaction
• kerbs cycle
• oxidative phosphorylation
• this ends up producing around 34 more atp molecules

Question 3

define oxidation

Answer 3

• the loss of electrons
• the gain of oxygen
• the loss of hydrogen

Question 4

define reduction

Answer 4

• the gain of electrons
• the loss of oxygen
• the gain of hydrogen

Question 5

what are the 6 structures found in the mitochondria?

Answer 5

1. outer membrane
2. inner membrane
3. cristae
4. intermembrane space
5. matrix
6. dna and 70s ribosomes

Question 6

what is the function of the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

Answer 6

• contains the electron transport chain and atp synthase for oxidative phosphorylation

Question 7

what are cristae found in the mitochondria?

Answer 7

• folds of the inner membrane
• to increase the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation

Question 8

what is the function of the intermembrane space in the mitochondria?

Answer 8

• the narrow space between the inner and the outer membrane
• which facilitates a rapid build up of H+ concentration gradient

Question 9

where does the link reaction and kerbs cycle occur in the mitochondria?

Answer 9

• in the matrix
• which is the cytoplasm in the mitochondria
• which contains the enzymes required for the 2 processes

Question 10

describe the process of glycolysis

Answer 10

• occurs in the cytoplasm
• occurs in aerobic and anaerobic respiration
• glucose phosphorylation to a 6c molecule using 2atp
• 6c phosphorylated molecule is unstable
• it undergoes lysis to form 2x 3c molecules
• each 3c molecule is oxidised to pyruvate
• NAD+ reduced to NADH by 2H
• produces net 2 atp

Question 11

define phosphorylation

Answer 11

when phosphates are added to a molecule

Question 12

what is the first step of cellular respiration?

Answer 12

glycolysis

Question 13

what is NADH in glycolysis

Answer 13

• glycolysis stores energy in the form of electrons inside NADH
• it is a co-enzyme
• and it has the ability to transfer electrons

Question 14

what are the 3c molecules called in the process of glycolysis?

Answer 14

pyruvate

Question 15

is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

Answer 15

• its anaerobic
• because it does not require any oxygen

Question 16

what is the end product of the process of glycolysis?

Answer 16

• produces a net increase of 2 atp
• and stores 2 electrons in 2 NADH molecules

Question 17

what is the equation for cellular respiration?

Answer 17

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —>6CO2 + 6H2O+ ATP

Question 18

how are the 2 pyruvate a transported into the mitochondria?

Answer 18

• by active transport
• into the matrix

Question 19

what are the 2 pyruvates converted into in the matrix and what is produced afterwards?

Answer 19

• the pyruvates are oxidised
• the 2 pyruvates converts into 2 acetyl CoA
• releases CO2 and 2 NADH

Question 20

what is another name for the krebs cycle?

Answer 20

the citric acid cycle

Question 21

where is the link reaction occurred and what does it convert each pyruvate into?

Answer 21

• in the matrix
• converts each pyruvate into acetyl

Question 22

before link reaction occurs, pyruvate must be transported from the cytoplasm to the matrix, what is the process that allows this to occur and what is required?

Answer 22

• active transport
• requires atp

Question 23

describe the link reaction in 3 stages

Answer 23

• each pyruvate undergoes oxidation transferring on hydrogen to NAD+
• each is also decarboxylated producing 1 CO2
• the resulting 2 carbon molecule is named acetyl
• a total of 2 CO2, 2 NADH and 2 acetyl molecules are formed

Question 24

how is acetyl CoA made form acetyl?

Answer 24

each of the 2 acetyl molecules combines with its own co-enzyme A to form acetyl CoA

Question 25

what is the end product of the link reaction?

Answer 25

2 acetyl CoA molecules are present from a single molecule of glucose

Question 26

where does the krebs cycle occur?

Answer 26

- occurs in the matrix

Question 27

what is the function of the krebs cycle?

Answer 27

- converts each acetyl into a 6c molecule - used for oxidation

Question 28

what is the 1st step of the krebs cycle?

Answer 28

- each acetyl CoA combines with a 4c molecule - to form a 6c molecule: which is the citric acid - the 4c molecule is called oxaloacetate

Question 29

what is the 2nd step of the krebs cycle after the 6c molecule is formed?

Answer 29

- 6c molecule gets oxidised - transferring electrons and hydrogens to NAD+ forming NADH - this oxidation reaction causes the release of CO2 - ending this step with a 5c molecule

Question 30

what is the 3rd step to the kreb cycle after the first CO2 is released?

Answer 30

- the produced 5c molecule undergoes a similar oxidation process - producing another NADH and a CO2 - ending this step with a 4c molecule

Question 31

what is the 4th step of the krebs cycle after the 4c molecule is produced?

Answer 31

- the 4c molecule releases energy to turn the ADP to ATP - another phosphate binds to ADP to form ATP - this new 4c molecule gets oxidised even further - transferring electrons and hydrogens to a different electron carrier (FAD) - forming FADH2

Question 32

what are the functions of FADH2 and NADH?

Answer 32

- they have the same function - carrying electrons to the electron transport chain

Question 33

what is the 5th step of the krebs cycle?

Answer 33

- the 4c molecule undergoes oxidation again - forming even more NADH - this process makes the starting molecule called, oxalacetate 4c - hence the reason for the name krebs cycle

Question 34

outline the stages of the link reaction

Answer 34

- occurs in the matrix - occurs for aerobic respiration only - prior to the link reaction, each pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm requiring 2 ATP in total - pyruvates are decarboxylated to produce acetyl and CO2 - NAD+ is reduced to form NADH - acetyl combines with the co-enzyme A to form acetyl CoA - Acetyl CoA transports acetyl to the krebs cycle

Question 35

what is the role of oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 35

- making atp - it oxidises NADH and FADH2 - to phosphorylation ADP to ATP

Question 36

where does oxidative hodphorylation occur?

Answer 36

- the inner mitochondrial membrane