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Urinary > Session 1 > Flashcards

Session 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is your left kidney higher than your right?

A

On the right your liver pushes in down

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2
Q

How to palpate the right kidney?

A

Superior pole is on the he same level as the 12th rib

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3
Q

Where are the inferior poles of the kidney?

A

L= L2/3
R= L3/4
As left is higher

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4
Q

What’s the trig one of the bladder?

A

It’s made from the two entry points of the ureters and the internal urethral orifice. The area is sensitive to expansion on signals to the brain when too much.

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5
Q

Relationship with ureter and Vas deferens/uterine artery?

A

The ureter runs posteriorly.

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6
Q

Describe blood supply to the kidneys in detail

A

Renal artery enters via the hilum. It splits anteriorly and posterirorly and then divides into 5 different paths.arcuate arteries provide the corticomedullary junction which branch into interlobular arteries for the cortex which give rise to afferent arterioles which-lead to glomerular capillaries.

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7
Q

Describe the functional unit of the kidney

A

The nephron (glomerulus and a tubule).

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8
Q

Role of efferent arterioles in superficial portion of the cortex?

A

Origin of peritubular network supplying oxygen and nutrients to tubules in cortex.

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9
Q

What determines the glomerular pressure?

A

The afferent/efferent arterioles tone controlled by chemical mediators and a sympathetic system.

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10
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons role and notes?

A

Only 10% of blood perfumes them, in junction of cortex and medulla. Supplied by small arcuate artery branches. Efferent arterioles go to renal papillae to form vasa recta vessels. Which provides capillary networks for medulla. And joins arcuate/interlobular veins.

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11
Q

What muscles are kidneys on top of on x Ray?

A

Psoas major

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12
Q

Kidney’s relationship in peritoneal cavity?

A

They are retroperitoneal

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13
Q

What level is hilum at?

A

L1

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14
Q

What’s the renal angle?

A

Portion of kidney created by 12th rib and erector spinae muscle

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15
Q

Describe 2 types of renal fascia

A

Pararenal- next to the kidneys

Perirenal- around the kidneys

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16
Q

Structure and role of ureter?

A

SM fibres propelling urine to bladders. Lateral to tips of lumbar transverse processes. Beyond pelviureteric junction it splits into three (abdominal,pelvic,intramural)

17
Q

Most common area of ureter injury? And what artery is by it?

A

Pelvic brim/common iliac artery.

18
Q

Describe the intramural segment of the ureter

A

Passes obliquely through bladder wall preventing reflux. Ability because it coalesces with bundles of detrusor muscle pre wall.

19
Q

What is the lumen of theureter coated with?

A

Urothelium

20
Q

2 important urethral sphincters? And roles?

A

IUS= stops retrograde ejaculate

EUS= provides continence

21
Q

4 types of urethra after bladder?

A

Prostatic
Membranous
Bulbous
Penile

22
Q

Which part of kidney are glomeruli found?

A

Cortex

23
Q

Compare cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons 5 points at least

A

Cortical- outer part of cortex, small, 90% of blood, short loop of henle just into medulla, forms peritubular capillaries, rich sympathetic and renin.

Juxtamedullary- inner part at medulla junction,big, 10% of blood, long loop of henle into outer medulla, forms vas’s recta, poor sympathetic and renin.

24
Q

What makes kidneys vulnerable to ischaemia damage?

A

There high cardiac output

25
Q

3 layers of ureter from out to in?

A

Ureter, muscularis, mucosal

26
Q

What is different about trig one to rest of kidney?

A

It’s smooth not rugae

27
Q

What attaches to the apex of the bladder?

A

Feral allantois

28
Q

What is the feral allantoid seen as?

A

The median umbilical ligament

29
Q

Stages of chronic kidney disease?

A

4 and last one is end stage renal disease needing dialysis or transplant.

30
Q

Normal k levels and does it matter if healthy person has high intake?

A

3.5-5.3 mmol/L and no.

31
Q

Why are CKD patients often anaemia?

A

As kidneys produce erythropoietin.

32
Q

Problem is kidney fails to control K levels?

A

Body processes are very sensitive to k and if wrong can cause fatal arrythmias.

33
Q

Role of kidney proximal tubule cells?

A

Produce majority of mitochondrial p450 cytochrome enzyme (25 hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha hydroxylase). Which is required for vit d activation into calcitrol.

34
Q

Symptoms of CDK?

A

Tired-toxins/anaemia
Trouble sleeping-toxins
Dry/itchy skin-sign of bone disease due to mineral imbalance
Pee more
Hematuria- as not filtering RBC’s out of urine
Foamy urine- protein in urine
Puffiness around eyes- due to lack of urine
Swollen ankles- sodium retention
Cramping- electrolyte imbalance

35
Q

Size of kidneys in men and women?

A

7cm width and 12-14th length

Urinary (12 decks)

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