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themes in western thought > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

a branch of philosophy that investigates the ultimate nature of reality

A

metaphysics

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2
Q

study of knowledge (how do we know what we know?)

A

epistemology

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3
Q

A system of moral principles.

A

ethics

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4
Q

cosmology, problem of the one and the many, problem of the infinite regress

A

Pre Socratics

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5
Q

study of origins of the world

A

cosmology

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6
Q

“The problem of identifying the ultimate reality (the One) that underlies all things (the Many) and of explaining the relation between them or how the Many derives from the One.”; What is the first substance from which all else comes?

A

problem of the one and the many

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7
Q

Where did the one substance come from?

A

problem of infinite regress

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8
Q

Socratic method

A

Socrates

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9
Q

philosophical method of questioning to gain truth; answering a question with a question reversing the roles of student and teacher so that a student answers his own question

A

Socratic method

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10
Q

Tripartite Soul, Plato’s Forms, Cave of Ignorance/Divided Line, Cardinal Virtues

A

Plato

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11
Q

Plato’s theory of a three-part human nature ideally ruled by reason

A

Tripartite Soul

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12
Q

Plato believed in both materialism and immaterialism but thought that the immaterial entities were more real,which he called forms. Goal = know invisible forms rather than a particular objects of sense perception

A

Plato’s Forms

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13
Q

Most people go through life as prisoners in a cave with our heads chained so that all we can see our the shadows cast by the fire behind us. We must be freed by reason and leave the cave to enter the world of form.

A

Cave of Ignorance

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14
Q

wisdom, courage, temperance, justice

A

Cardinal Virtues

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15
Q

Four causes, Tripartite Soul, Virtue Ethics/ Eudemonia

A

Aristotle

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16
Q

unrealized potentiality/ actualization of potentiality

A

Aristotle’s Forms

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17
Q

material (what is it made of?), efficient (how was it made?), formal (what was it made into?), final (why did someone make it?)

A

Four causes

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18
Q

three kinds of souls or types of life: nutritive souls are possessed by plants, animals, and humans and any kind of life that can take nutrition, grow, and change; sensitive souls are possessed by animals and humans which respond to stimuli; rational souls are possessed by human alone

A

Tripartite Soul (Aristotle)

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19
Q

content or well situated; virtue requires actualizing your potential; intellectual virtue acquired by teaching; moral virtue acquired by habi

A

Virtue Ethics/ Eudemonia

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20
Q

Atoms in the void, Hedonistic ethics/ Ataraxia

A

Epicureans

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21
Q

the idea that atoms in space collide together, forming objects (planets, moon, humans, trees, etc.)

A

Atoms in the void.

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22
Q

Root cause of human misery is fear of death and punishment in the afterlife. Solution: Don’t fear judgement after death because your atoms will go into the void and you will cease to exist. Be concerned with ataraxia.

A

Hedonistic ethics/ ataraxia

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23
Q

Natural law, Apatheia (resignation to fate)

A

Stoics

24
Q

rules of conduct discoverable by reason; concepts innate from birth; derives from an all governing universal Reason accessible to all rational beings

A

Natural Law

25
Q

tranquility produced by resignation to fate

A

Apatheia

26
Q

quietude, Skepticism of empiricism and rationalism

A

Skeptics

27
Q

unperturbed mind achieved by nonbelief

A

quietude

28
Q

attacked empiricism of both Stoics and Epicureans and claimed that all reasoning is circular

A

Skepticism of empiricism and rationalism

29
Q

The One, Negative Theology

A

Neoplatonists

30
Q

the source of all things; God, the One, is unknowable, self-existent, fully unified source of all things and cannot be defined.

A

The One

31
Q

Belief that God can never be known by the intellect alone

A

Negative Theology

32
Q

a set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty, especially in art; what is beauty?

A

Aesthetics

33
Q

relating to or derived by reasoning from known or observed facts

A

A posteriori

34
Q

relating to or derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions; innate knowledge

A

A priori

35
Q

The image Plato uses to illustrate the relationships between the intelligible world of Forms (transcendent worlds) and the visible world (phenomenal world).

A

Divided Line

36
Q

seeing mind and body as two different things that interact

A

Dualism

37
Q

the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation; sense perception

A

Empiricism

38
Q

content or well situated

A

Endemonia

39
Q

ideas or forms concerned with true knowledge

A

Forms (eide)

40
Q

Aristotle’s term for describing ethical behavior as a midpoint between extremes

A

Golden mean

41
Q

pursuit of pleasure, especially of the senses

A

Hedonism

42
Q

the principles and ideals associated with classical Greek civilization

A

Hellenism

43
Q

the process of reasoning

A

Logic

44
Q

a tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values

A

Materialism

45
Q

the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing

A

Monism

46
Q

the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being.

A

ontology

47
Q

God is an impersonal, all-pervading, material force in the universe

A

pantheism

48
Q

If everything is one does reality change or remain constant?

A

Problem of flux and constancy

49
Q

ultimate skepticism; “The key to happiness is to suspend judgement on every issue in recognition of our inability to get beyond appearances.

A

Pyrrhonism

50
Q

belief in reason and logic as the primary source of knowledge

A

Rationalism

51
Q

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.

A

Skepticism

52
Q

the highest, most supreme good

A

Summum bonum

53
Q

the explanation of phenomena by the purpose they serve rather than by postulated causes.

A

Teleology

54
Q

For the world to move there must have been a “First Mover” who started everything; Aristotle’s idea of God that is distant and impersonal

A

Unmoved Mover

55
Q

behavior showing high moral standard

A

Virtue

themes in western thought (4 decks)

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