Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EPPP > Clinical Psychology > Flashcards

Clinical Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Similarities in psychodynamic psychotherapies

A

Human behavior is motivated largely through unconscious processes

Early development has a profound impact on functioning

Universal principles explain personality development

Insight into unconscious processes is key for psychotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of psychodynamic psychotherapies

A

Freudian psychoanalysis

Adler’s individual psychology

Jung’s analytical psychotherapy

Object-relations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Freud’s Personality Theory is comprised of what two subtheories

A

Structural (drive) theory

Developmental theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Freud’s structural (drive) theory

A

Id, ego, superego

Id - present at birth, life and death instincts, operates on pleasure principle
Ego - develops at 6mo, moderates conflict between id and reality (to-be superego), operates on reality principle
Superego - develops 4-5yo, internalization of society’s values learned through rewards and punishment as a child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Freud’s developmental theory

A

Emphasizes sexual drives of the id.

Personality is based on your navigation of five psychosexual stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital).

Over- or under-stimulation is related to a certain personality outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Freudian anxiety

A

Anxiety is a warning to the ego of an impending threat

When the ego cannot rationally defend off the threat, defense mechanisms are utilized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Are defense mechanisms good or bad

A

Can be adaptive, but when they become the ego’s default way of managing conflict, they can lead to dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Types of defense mechanisms

A

Repression (most basic) - keeps ids drives and needs unconscious

Reaction formation - avoiding an anxiety-provoking impulse by expressing its opposite

Projection - when a threatening impulse is attributed to someone else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Commonalities among defense mechanisms

A

They are unconscious

Serve to deny or distort reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Psychoanalytic theory of dysfunction

A

Stems from unconscious and unresolved conflict

Phobia - displacement of anx onto a symbolic object
Depression - object loss coupled with anger toward the object turned inward
Mania - defense against libidinal or aggressive urges that threaten to overwhelm the ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Goals of psychoanalytic therapy

A

Make the unconscious conscious

Integrate previously repressed material into the personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Psychoanalytic treatment techniques

A

Primary: analysis of free association, dreams, transference…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Three components of psychoanalytic analysis

A

Confrontation - making statements to help the client see their behavior in a new way

Clarification - clarifying feelings and restating their remarks in clearer terms

Interpretation - connecting current behavior to unconscious processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Psychoanalysis has been improved through what three techniques

A

Catharsis - emotional release resulting from the recall of unconscious material

Insight - into relationship btwn unconscious and current behaviors

Working through - assimilate new insights into his or her personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Approach adopted by Adler

A

Teleological approach - behavior is largely guided by a person’s future goals
(Rather than determined by past events)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Teleological Approach

A

Developed by Adler

A persons behavior is motivated by future goals
Rather than determined by past events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Personality theory of Adler’s Individual Psychology

A

How you choose to compensate for feelings of superiority (and work towards superiority) determines your style of life (personality)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Style of Life

A

Adler’s Individual Psychology
- How you work to achieve superiority

Healthy - goals that reflect optimism and care for others

Unhealthy (mistaken) - goals that reflect personal achievement and power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Around what age does your Style of Life develop

A

Fairly well established by 4-5 years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Healthy Style of Life

A

Adler’s Individual Psychology

Marked by goals that reflect optimism, confidence, and concern for the welfare of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Unhealthy (mistaken) Style of Life

A

Characterized by goals reflecting self-centeredness, competitiveness, and striving for personal power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Adler’s view on maladaptive behavior

A

Mental disorders represent a mistaken style of life and maladaptive ways to compensating with inferiority

  • Preoccupation with power
  • Disregard for social interest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Adlerian Lifestyle Investigation

A

Used to identify the clients style of life

Yields information about a clients family constellation, hidden (fictional) goals, and distorted beliefs and attitudes (basic mistakes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Goals of Adlerian psychotherapy

A

Help the client understand their style of life and it’s consequences

Reorient beliefs and goals to support a more adaptive lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Therapeutic techniques in Adler’s Individual Psychology

A

Systematic Training for Effective Teaching (STET)

- all behavior is purposeful and goal-directed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Personality from Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy

A

Personality is the consequence of conscious and unconscious factors

Conscious - governed by the ego - your thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensory perceptions, and memories

Unconscious - personal unconscious and collective unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Jung’s “Conscious”

A

Governed by the ego

Represents the individuals thoughts, feelings, sensory perceptions, ideas, and memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Jung’s unconscious

A

Personal unconscious - experiences that were unconsciously perceived, or were once conscious that are now repressed

Collective unconscious - latent memory traces that have been passed down generationally (includes archetypes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Personal unconscious

A

Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy

Experiences that were unconsciously perceived, or were once conscious and now repressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Collective unconscious

A

Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy

Latent memory traces that were passed down generationally

(Includes archetypes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Archetypes

A

Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy

Primordial images that cause people to experience and understand certain phenomena in a universal way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Types of archetypes

A

Persona - public image

Shadow - the “dark side” of the personality

Anima/animus - feminine and masculine aspects of the personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Jung’s personality theory consisted of two attitudes

A

Introversion and extroversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Basic tenant to Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy

A

Behavior is determined by BOTH past events and future goals and aspirations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Individuation

A

Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy

The integration of your unconscious and conscious psyche that lead to the development of a unique identity (occurs in your mid 30s)

An important outcome of individuation is the development of wisdom (when a persons interests turn towards philosophical and spiritual issues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

View of maladaptive behaviors through Jung’s perspective

A

Symptoms are unconscious signals to the person that something is wrong with him… He will be presented with a task developmentally that will need to be fulfilled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Goals of therapy per Jung’s Analytical Psychotherapy

A

Bridge the gaps between your personal unconscious, collective unconscious, and conscious experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Jungian therapy techniques

A

Interpretations

Dreamwork

Focus on transference

Emphasizes positive and healthy aspects of a persons personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Basic tenant of Object-Relations Theory

A

Object-seeking (forming relationships) is a basic inborn drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Introjects

A

Object Relations Theory

Child’s early internalized representations of objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Early Object Relations psychologists

A

Klein
Kernberg
Mahler
Fairbain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Object Relations approach to personality

A

[Mahler]

Infant normative autism - focused on self and oblivious to environment
Normal symbiotic phase - child becomes aware of mom
Separation-individuation phase - child begins to explore environment, conflicts between independence and dependence (separation anxiety)

By 3-4 yo, child has a permanent sense of self and objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Object Relations perspective on maladaptive behavior

A

Result of abnormalities in early object relations

[Mahler] Issues occurs during separation-individuation phase
There is a natural tendency to split things into “good” and “bad”

[Kernberg] BPD persons never fully integrated positive and negative aspects of their experiences with others, resulting in shifts between contradictory ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Object Relations therapeutic principles

A

Primary focus is on splitting

Restore clients ability to relate to others in meaningful ways

Replace dysfunctional object relations with functional ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Similarities in Humanistic and Constructivist Psychotherapies

A

To understand someone, you must understand their subjective experience

Focus on current behaviors

Belief in the individual’s inherent potential

Therapy is authentic and collaborative

Rejection of assessment and diagnostic labels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Types of Humanistic and Constructivist Threapies

A 
Person-Centered Therapy
Gestalt Therapy
Existential Therapy
Reality Therapy
Personal Construct Therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Psychologist associated with Person-Centered Therapy

A

Carl Rogers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Basis for Person-Centered Therapy

A

Everyone has an inherent self-actualizing tendency that serves as a major motivator towards positive, healthy growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Person-Centered personality theory

A

A function of the “self” or a unified, whole person who is consistent in their relationships with others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Person-Centered view of maladaptive behaviors

A

Incongruence between self and experience leads to a disorganized sense of self

Incongruence = anxiety that signals the unified self is being threatened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How can a person alleviate anxiety in a Person-Centered framework

A

Defensive maneuvers of perceptual distortion or denial.

May be temporarily effective, but counter self-actualization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Goals of Person-Centered Therapy

A

Help client achieve congruence between the self and experience, so that they can become self-actualized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Conditions for Rogerian therapy

A

When the right environment is provided by the therapist, the client will achieve congruence (and will be carried by their own inherent tendency towards self-actualization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Three facilitative conditions of Rogerian (Person-Centered) Therapy

A

Unconditional positive regard (respect) - genuinely care, affirm their worth as a person, no overt judgement of client (+ or -)

Genuineness (congruence) - honestly communicate your feelings when appropriate

Accurate empathetic understanding - see the world as the client sees it (nodding, maintaining eye contact, reflection of feeling)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Rogerian, Person Centered Therapy

Aka respect

Genuinely caring for the client, affirming their worth as a person, no positive or negative judgements of the client

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Genuineness

A

Rogerian (Person Centered) Therapy

Aka genuineness

Communicating your feelings openly and honestly to the client when appropriate…authenticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Accurate Empathetic Understanding

A

Rogerian (Person-Centered) Therapy

Seeing the world as the client sees it

Eye contact, nodding, reflection of feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Things to avoid in Person-Centered Therapy

A

Directive techniques

Diagnosis

Being in an authoritative roll

Don’t use transference…it’s neither interpreted nor fostered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Psychologist associated with Gestalt Therapy

A

Fritz Perls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Basis of Gestalt Therapy

A

Each person is capable of assuming responsibility for their thoughts, feelings, and actions to live as a “whole”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Foundational schools of thought for Gestalt Therapy

A

Existentialism
Psychoanalysis
Phenomenology
Gestalt Psychology (focuses on perception)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Gestalt personality theory

A

The personality consists of the self and the self image

Self - creative part of personality that works towards self-actualization
Self-image - “dark side” that hinders growth, imposes external standards

The part of the personality that dominates depends on early development experiences (appropriate support yields a stronger self)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Gestalt view of maladaptive behavior

A

Neurotic behavior is a growth disorder wherein you reject the self for the self-image (resulting in a lack of integration)

Results in a boundary disturbance between the self and the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Four boundary disturbances in Gestalt Therapy

A

Introjection - when a person psychologically swallows whole concepts (accepts facts from env without fully assimilating them)

Projection - disowning aspects of the self by assigning them to another person

Retroflection - doing to oneself what you want to do to others

Confluence - no boundary between self and env (intolerant of differences between self and others…guilt and resentment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Therapy goal of Gestalt

A

Help client become a unified whole by integrating various aspects of the self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Therapy techniques of Gestalt Therapy

A

Primary curative factor is awareness

Full understanding of one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions in the here-and-now

Empty chair, guided fantasy (imagery…visualization), and dreamwork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Foundation of Existential Therapy

A

Emphasize personal choice and responsibility for developing a meaningful life

(We are in a constant state of evolving and becoming)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Existential Therapy view of maladaptive behavior

A

Maladaptive behavior is the result of an inability to cope with concerns of existence (death, freedom, meaninglessness)

Existential anxiety (normal) v neurotic anxiety (attempts to avoid existential anxiety)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Existential Anxiety

A

Existential Therapy

Considered a normal response to ultimate concerns that serves as a motivator for change and growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Neurotic Anxiety

A

Existential Therapy

The result of attempts to avoid existential anxiety - it is often out of proportion to the situation that started it, unconscious, and immobilizing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Therapy goals and techniques for Existential Therapy

A

Help clients recognize their freedom to choose their own destinies and accept responsibility for changing their own life

No specific interventions, but the client-therapist relationship is seen as the most important thing!

Paradoxical intention requires the client to focus on an exaggerated and humorous notion of the feared situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Paradoxical Intention

A

Existential Therapy

To reduce a clients fear

Requires the client to focus in an exaggerated or humorous way on the feared situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Psychologist associated with Reality Therapy

A

William Glasser

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Basis for Reality Therapy

A

Based on choice theory

Assumes people are responsible for the choices they make and focuses on how they make choices that affect the course of their lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Personality theory according to Reality Therapy

A

Five basic needs serve as our motivation: belonging/love, freedom, fun, power, and survival (love is most important because relationships help us to fulfill all other needs)

If you fulfill your needs in a positive way, you adopt a success identity
If you fulfill your needs in irresponsible ways, you adopt a failure identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Reality Therapy’s view on maladaptive behavior

A

Result of adopting a failure identity
(Mental illness is the result of an individual’s choices)

Ex. Depressed because you choose to depress yourself to fulfill a need (obtain attention)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Primary goal of Reality Therapy

A

Help clients identify responsible and and effective ways to meet their needs and develop a success identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Psychologist associated with Personal Construct Therapy

A

George Kelly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Basis for Personal Construct Therapy

A

People choose the way they deal with he world, and there are always alternative ways for doing so

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Personal Construct personality theory

A

Psychological processes are governed by how you construe events

Personal constructs = bipolar dimensions of meaning (happy/sad, friendly/unfriendly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Personal Constructs

A

George Kelly’s Personal Construct Therapy

Personal constructs are bipolar dimensions of meaning
(Happy/sad, friendly/unfriendly, competent/incompetent)

Develop in infancy and operate consciously or unconsciously

No two people have the same constructs, and we act s scientists to alter and revise the constructs that we have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Personal Construct perspective on maladaptive behavior

A

Result of inadequate personal constructs

Anxiety - when you don’t have the construct in place to help you deal with a new situation

Hostility - when you rely on old constructs despite invalidating evidence, trying to force people or things in to fit those constructs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Therapy techniques in Personal Construct Therapy

A

Repertory grid - identify people who have played a role in your life

Self-characterization sketch - describes self from the perspective of someone who knows them well

Fixed-role Therapy - help clients try on or adopt new personal constructs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Commonalities among brief therapies

A

Time limited (6-30 sessions)

Focus on current concerns, rather than on the past

Therapist takes an active role, and encourages the client to become an active member in the change process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Types of Brief Therapy

A

Interpersonal Therapy
Solution-Focused Therapy
Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)
Motivational Interviewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Psychologists who created Interpersonal Therapy

A

Klerman and Weissman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Origins of Interpersonal Therapy

A

(IPT - Brief Therapy)

Used to treat depression, now used for other things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Interpersonal Therapy view of maladaptive behaviors

A

Distress and maladaptive behavior stems from problems in social roles and interpersonal relationships, traceable back to a lack of strong attachments in early life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Goals of Interpersonal Therapy

A

Symptom reduction and improved interpersonal functioning

Focus on current social relationships (rooted in early attachment, but focused on current relationships)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Interpersonal Therapy techniques

A

Focus on one of four problem areas:
Unresolved grief, interpersonal deficits, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions

Three stages: (1) therapist conducts assessment to obtain dx, context for deficits, problem areas (2) target problem areas with specific strategies (encouragement of affect, communication analysis, modeling, role-playing), (3) reviews progress, discuss termination, plan to avoid relapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Four problem areas in Interpersonal Therapy

A

Unresolved grief

Interpersonal deficits

Interpersonal role disputes

Role transition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Three stages of Interpersonal Therapy treatment

A

1 - conduct an assessment to obtain a dx, gain context for interpersonal struggles, and identify problem areas

2 - use specific strategies (encouragement of affect, communication analysis, modeling, role play)

3 - review client progress, discuss termination, methods of relapse prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Basis of Solution-Focused Therapy

A

Focuses on solutions to the clients problems and not on the problems themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Solution-Focused Therapy view on maladaptive behavior

A

The etiology or maladaptive behavior (or personality) is irrelevant

Stay solution-focused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Overarching therapeutic approach in Solution-Focused Therapy

A

The client is the expert and the psychologist acts as the collaborator who’s job it is to pose questions designed to help the recognize their strengths to achieve goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Three questions used in Solution-Focused Therapy

A

Miracle Question - when you wake up in the morning, how would things be different

Exception Question - can you think of a time when you did not have this issue or didn’t have it as bad

Scaling Question - on a scale from 1-10…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Miracle Question

A

Solution-Focused Therapy

If you woke up tomorrow, how would things be different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Exception Question

A

Solution-Focused Therapy

Can you think of a time when you did not have this issue, or when it wasn’t as bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Scaling Question

A

Solution-Focused Therapy

On a scale of 1-10…

  • how motivated are you
  • how did you feel last week
  • etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Basis of Transtheoretical Model

A

(Aka stages of change)

Change entails progress through a series of predictable stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Ten empirically supported change processes (interventions) in the Transtheoretical Model

A 
Consciousness raising
Self liberation 
Social liberation
Dramatic relief
Self-reevaluation
Counterconditioning
Environmental reevaluation
Reinforcement management
Stimulus control
Helping/supportive relationships
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Transtheoretical view if maladaptive behaviors

A

Doesn’t have one. Focuses instead on factors that facilitate behavior change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Six stages of change in Transtheoretical Model

A

Precontemplation - no insight, denial, little interest to change
Contemplation - aware of need for change, not committed, ambivalent…plans to take axn within six months
Preparation - plans to take axn in the next month, realistic plan for action
Action - takes concrete steps to change, maybe a public commitment
Maintenance - maintained change in behavior for at least six months, taking steps to prevent relapse
Termination - feels they can resist temptation, confident no risk for relapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Precontemplation stage

A

Stages of Change/Transtheoretical Model

Individual has little insight into the problem, has no desire to change, denial of any problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Contemplation Stage

A

Stages of Change/Transtheoretical Model

Aware of need for change, ambivalent, not committed yet, plans to commit within six months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Preparation Stage

A

Stages of Change/Transtheoretical Model

Plans to take action within a month, has a plan for action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Action Stage

A

Stages of Change/Transtheoretical Model

Taking concrete steps to change the behavior, usually begins with a public commitment to change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Maintenance Stage

A

Stages of Change/Transtheoretical Model

Has maintained change for at least six months, working towards ways to prevent relapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Termination Stage

A

Stages of Change/Transtheoretical Model

Person feels they can resist temptation and is confident they are no longer at risk for relapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Assumption of the Stages of Change/Transtheoretical Model

A

Progression through the stages is not necessarily linear
People may go through some or all of the stages several times

Interventions are most effective when they match the person’s stage of change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Transtheoretical Model techniques for helping someone transition from precontemplation to contemplation stage

A

Consciousness raising
Dramatic relief
Environmental reevaluation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Transtheoretical Model approaches for helping clients transition from the action to maintenance stage

A

Helping relationships, counterconditioning, reinforcement management, stimulus control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Meditating variables for change

A

Decisional balance - strength of the perceived pros and cons to change (important for motivation in contemplation stage)

Self-efficacy - clients confidence that they can manage situations without relapsing (important for contemplation to preparation to action stages)

Temptation - intensity of the urges to engage in the problem behavior (high in initial stages, but decreases as you go through stages)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Decisional Balance

Stages of Change

A

Strength of the pros and cons to changing a behavior

Serves as an important motivator in the contemplation stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Self-Efficacy

Stages of Change

A

Clients confidence that they can cope with high-risk situations without relapsing

Contributor your ability to move from contemplation to preparation to action stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Temptation

Stages of Change

A

Refers to the intensity of the urges to engage in the problem behavior

Inversely related to self-efficacy

Usually high in the early stages, but lowers as you progress through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Basis for Motivational Interviewing

A

Developed for clients who were ambivalent

Deals with their beliefs about their ability to change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

Motivational Interviewing view of maladaptive behavior

A

None. Doesn’t focus on etiology, but in the factors that impede on the individual’s ability to change their behavior

119
Q

Primary goal of Motivational Interviewing

A

Enhance the clients intrinsic motivation to alter their behavior
(Examine And resolve ambivalence about changing)

120
Q

Main technique in Motivational Interviewing

A

OARS

Open-ended questions
Affirmations that express empathy and understanding
Reflective listening (restatements, paraphrasing, reflection of feeling)
Summary statements

121
Q

Four general principles of Motivational Interviewing Therapy

A

Express empathy
Develop discrepancies between current behavior and goals/values
Roll with resistance
Support self-efficacy

122
Q

General influences to family therapies

A

General systems theory - family is an open system that takes and gives information to the environment… family attempts to maintain homeostasis (as an issue improves, it’s likely to reappear elsewhere)

Cybernetics - negative feedback loop amplifies change and disrupts the system… positive feedback loop maintains homeostasis within the system (can be beneficial or cause breakdowns)

123
Q

General systems theory

Family therapy

A

Family is an open system…continuously receiving input from, and discharging output into the environment

Adaptable to change

System likes to maintain status quo or homeostasis

124
Q

Cybernetics

Family Therapy

A

Highlights the concept of the feedback loop

Negative feedback loops reduce deviation and help the system maintain the status quo

Positive feedback loops enhance deviation and change, and can disrupt the system (this can be beneficial or detrimental

125
Q

Traditional schools of psychotherapy are influenced by…

A

Western, Lockean, Scientific tradition that emphasizes linear cause-and-effect relationships

126
Q

Systems theory and cybernetics influences on family therapy is best described as

A

Kantian, here and now, collectivistic

127
Q

Early contributors to family therapy

A

Ackerman - grandfather of family therapy

Bateson - promoted emphasis of double-bind communication in schizophrenia

Bowen - study of families with a schizophrenic child (repetitions of a behavior across three generations is involved in the development of disorder)

128
Q

Double-bind communication

A

(Family Therapy - Bateson)

Conflicting negative injunctions, wherein one is expressed verbally and one is expressed nonverbally
(Ex. Do this and you’ll be punished, don’t do this and you’ll be punished)

The recipient cannot comment in the statements or seek help from others

129
Q

Types of Family Therapy

A

Communication/Interaction Therapy (symmetrical v complementary)

Extended Family Systems Therapy (genograms, differentiation, emotional triangle)

Strategic Family Therapy (paradoxical intervention)

Object Relations Family Therapy (projective identification, multiple transferences)

130
Q

Focus of Communication/Interaction Family Therapy

A

Recognition of communication on family and individual functioning

  • all behavior is communication (so you’re always communicating)
  • communication has report (content) and command (nonverbal And makes a statement about the relationship of the communicators) functions
131
Q

Report and comment content

A

(Communication/Interaction Therapy)

Report function - content or informational aspect

Command function - nonverbal, makes a statement about the relationship of the two people communicating

132
Q

When do issues develop according to Communications/Interaction Family Therapy

A

When report and command functions are contradictory

133
Q

Two communication patterns in Communication/Interaction Family Therapy

A

Symmetrical Communication - reflects equality between communicators but may escalate to competitive one-upsmanship

Complementary Communication - reflects inequality between the two persons (one in a dominant role and one in a submissive role)

134
Q

Communications/Interaction Family Therapy view of maladaptive behavior

A

Circular Model

Symptoms are both a cause and effect of dysfunctional communication patterns

(Blaming and criticizing, mindreading, overgeneralizing)

135
Q

Problematic communication strategies according to Communications/Interaction Family Therapy

A

Blaming and criticizing

Overgeneralizing

Mindreading

136
Q

Goals and techniques of Communication/Interaction Family Therapy

A

Goal - alter the Interaction always patterns causing dysfunction

Techniques - pointing out the issues, use of paradoxical strategies

137
Q

Psychologist associated with Extended Family Systems Therapy

A

Bowen

138
Q

Important concepts for Extended Family Systems Therapy

A

Differentiation of self - ability to separate your emotional and intellectual self (lower differentiation means more reactivity)

Emotional triangle - when two people experience instability or stress and rely on a third to restore balance or decrease tension

Family projection process - when parental issues and conflicts are transferred to the children (causing child to have lower differentiation than the parents)

139
Q

Differentiation

Extended Family Systems Therapy

A

The ability to separate intellectual from emotional self

Lower the differentiation the more emotionally reactive someone is
(Higher the chance you will become fused with the emotions of the family)

140
Q

Undifferentiated Family Ego Mass

A

(Extended Family Systems Therapy)

Family whose members are highly emotionally fused

(People tend to choose partners whose level of differentiation is similar to their own)

141
Q

Emotional Triangle

A

(Extended Family Systems Therapy)

When two people are experiencing stress or conflict, and a third is brought in to restore balance or reduce stress/tension

The lower the differentiation, the greater the chance an emotional triangle will form

142
Q

Family Projection Process

A

(Extended Family Systems Therapy)

When parents conflicts and emotional immaturity are transmitted to the children

Causes a child to have lower differentiation than their parents

143
Q

Views of maladaptive behaviors in Extended Family Systems Therapy

A

Behavioral disorders are the result of multigenerational transmission where progressively lower levels of differentiation are transferred from one generation to the next

144
Q

Primary goal in Extended Family Systems Therapy

A

Increase differentiation across all members

145
Q

Methods used in Extended Family Systems Therapy

A

Use only two people (so therapist can be third in the triangle), or work with most differentiated to serve as a motivator

(1) assess history of family’s problems thru a genogram
(2) May send clients home to family of origin to improve differentiation
(3) encourage family members to go through the therapist to communicate

146
Q

Psychologist associated with Structural Family Therapy

A

Minuchin

147
Q

How are Family structures defined according to Structural Family Therapy

A

Power hierarchies - how members combine forces in times of conflict

Family subsystems

BOUNDARIES - rules that determine the amount of contact that is allowed between family members

148
Q

Minuchin’s three chronic boundary problems

A

(Structural Family Therapy)

Aka RIGID TRIADS

1 - detouring - when parents overprotect or scapegoat a child for the family’s problems
2 - stable coalition - when a parent and child gang up against the other parent
3 - triangulation - aka unstable coalition - when each parent demands the child side with them

149
Q

Structural Family Therapy view of maladaptive behavior

A

Dysfunction is a result of inflexible family structure that prohibits them from adapting to stressors in a healthy way.

150
Q

Structural Family Therapy goals

A

Restructuring the family

Change behaviors > insight

151
Q

Structural Family Therapy techniques

A

Joining - therapist joins the family and uses tracking (identifying goals and values in conversations) and mimesis (adopting affective and communication style)

Evaluating family structure - evaluating hierarchy, structure, and transactional map - Family structural map helps clarify Interaction patterns

Restructuring the family - unbalance the family, use enactment (role play their relationship patterns to identify and alter them) and reframing (relabeling behaviors so they can be viewed more positively )

152
Q

Strategic Family Therapy perspective on maladaptive behaviors

A

Communication used to exert control

Dysfunction happens when one person denies the intent to control the other person

153
Q

Goals of Strategic Family Therapy

A

Alter a family’s hierarchies and generational boundaries

Behavioral change results in changes in perceptions and emotions

154
Q

The stages in Structural Family Therapy

A

Social Stage - observe family interactions and encourages involvement of all family members
Problem Stage - gather info on why the family came to therapy
Interaction Stage - family members discuss problems and therapist observes their interactional patterns
Goal-Setting - family agrees to a contract that defines goals for treatment

155
Q

Paradoxical Intervention

A

Most closely tied to Strategic Family Therapy

Helps family see a symptom in an alternative way, or recognizing you have control by using resistance in a constructive way

Types of paradoxical interventions - ordeals, restraining, positioning, reframing, prescribing the symptom

156
Q

Types of paradoxical interventions

A

Ordeals - perform an unpleasant task whenever a problematic symptom occurs (giving a gift when you argue with someone you don’t like)

Restraining - encouraging family not to change

Reframing - relabeling a sx to give it a more positive meaning

Positioning - exaggerating the severity of a symptom

Prescribing the symptom - Instructing a family member to deliberately engage in a symptom

157
Q

Ordeal

Paradoxical intervention

A

Engaging in an unpleasant task whenever a symptom occurs

(Giving someone a gift every time you argue with them)

(Strategic Family Therapy)

158
Q

Restraining

Paradoxical intervention

A

Encouraging the family not to change

Strategic Family Therapy

159
Q

Positioning

Paradoxical intervention

A

Exaggering the severity of the symptom

Strategic Family Therapy

160
Q

Reframing

Paradoxical intervention

A

Relabeling a symptom to give it a more positive meaning

Strategic Family Therapy

161
Q

Prescribing the symptom

Paradoxical intervention

A

Instructing a family member to deliberately engage in the symptom

(Strategic Family Therapy)

162
Q

Origins of Milan Systemic Family Therapy

A

Initially created for children with anorexia, but then realized how important the whole family is

163
Q

Milan Systemic Family Therapy view of maladaptive behavior

A

Dysfunction arises when a family’s pattern of action and reaction becomes so fixed that no one is able to act creatively or make new choices about their lives

164
Q

Goal of Milan Systemic Family Therapy

A

Help family members see their choices and encourage them to want to make choices

(Find new solutions to problems)

165
Q

Techniques used by Milan Systemic Family Therapy

A

Hypothesizing - created based on family interactions, family tests them and revises as necessary

Neutrality - therapist remains advocate of whole family

Paradox - therapeutic double-bind and reframing so Family can work to solve their own problems

Circular Questions - family members work to identify similarities and differences in their perceptions

166
Q

View of maladaptive behavior from Behavioral Family Therapy

A

Maladaptive behavior is learned and reinforced through antecedents and consequences

167
Q

Therapy targets for Behavioral Family Therapy

A

Focus on observable behaviors
Ongoing assessment of behaviors and treatment effects
Increase desirable behaviors through contingent reinforcement
Improve communication and problem solving skills

168
Q

View of maladaptive behavior from Object Relations Family Therapy

A

Maladaptive behavior is the result of intrapsychic and interpersonal factors

(Unresolved conflict that is replicated in current relationships)

169
Q

Primary source of dysfunction according to Object Relations Family Therapy

A

Projective identification

When a family member projects old introjects onto a family member, who then reacts similarly to the old introject

170
Q

Goal of Object Relations Family Therapy

A

Resolve each family members attachment to family introjects

171
Q

What do Object Relations Family Therapy clinicians address in therapy

A

Multiple transferences

Transferences from one family member to another
Transfers from the family members to the therapist
Transfers from the whole family to the therapist

172
Q

Three stages of group therapy (per Yalom)

A

First stage - orientation, hesitant participation, search for meaning, dependency (advice giving, members talk to leader instead of each other)
Second stage - conflict, dominance, rebellion (criticism, judgement, social pecking order is established)
Third stage - development of cohesiveness (trust and self-disclosure increase, attendance improves, members show concern)

173
Q

First stage of group therapy

A

Orientation, hesitant participation, search for meaning, and dependency

Group members use a very controlled and rational communication style, look for purpose in the group, talk to the therapist instead of each other, search for similarities

174
Q

Second stage of group therapy

A

Conflict, dominance, rebellion

Work to establish preferred level of power and initiative, advice giving is replaced with criticism, may be hostile towards therapist when they won’t pick favorites

175
Q

Third stage of group therapy

A

Development of cohesiveness

Unity, intimacy, more self-disclose, express concern for each other, good attendance

176
Q

Most important factors in Group Therapy

A

Interpersonal input
Catharsis
Self-understanding
Cohesiveness

177
Q

Roles of a group therapist

A

Create the group
Minimize threats to group cohesion
Foster appropriate behavioral norms through directives
Use co-therapists and self-disclose as appropriate
Focus on the here and now and development of those patterns of behavior

178
Q

Yalom’s opinion on group and individual therapy

A

Don’t need to happen together unless special circumstances

Group member experiences a crisis, or requires extra sessions to keep them from early termination

179
Q

Statistics on premature group termination

A

10-35% drop out in the first 12 to 20 weeks

To prevent: prescreen, post-selection preparation

180
Q

Characteristics of good candidates for group therapy

A

Primary problems are related to interpersonal issues

Motivated to change

Has a positive view of group therapy

Likes peer feedback

Psychologically and verbally sophisticated

181
Q

Characteristics of bad candidates for group therapy

A

Severe mental illness

Noncompatibility with group norms and acceptable behaviors

Inability to tolerate group settings

182
Q

Focus of Feminist Therapy

A

Focus on power differentials between women and men and how that differential impacts men and woman’s behavior

183
Q

Feminist Therapy view of maladaptive behavior

A

Symptoms are considered to be

Related to the traditional gender roles and their inherent conflicts
Survival tactics as a means of exercising power
And/or arbitrary labels that society has assigned to behaviors to impose sanctions or control

184
Q

Feminist Therapy techniques

A

Striving for egalitarian relationship with client

Avoiding labels like dx, or traditional ways of describing emotions or feelings

Avoiding revictimization by not blaming women for their current problems

Involvement in social action (therapists must be involved in social and political actions)

185
Q

How feminist therapy and nonsexist therapy differ

A

Feminist therapists emphasize sociopolitical factors

Nonsexist therapist discuss individual factors

186
Q

Complementary and Alternative Therapies

A

Hypnosis (false memories, may increase confidence in false memories, but memories false or not may be representative)
Acupuncture (needles)
Reflexology (apply pressure to certain areas)

187
Q

Origins of Community Psychology

A

Public health and prevention

188
Q

Three types of Community Psychology prevention

A

Primary - decrease incidence of new cases

Secondary - reducing duration of cases

Tertiary - reduce the duration and consequence of disorders in general

189
Q

Primary Prevention

A

Decrease prevalence of mental health disease through reducing the number of new cases

Make a preventative program for all members of a specified population

190
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

Decrease the prevalence of mental health disease through shortening the duration of the disease

Done through early detection and intervention (screening tests)

191
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

Reduce mental heath disease by shortening duration and consequence of the disorder

Done by creating rehabilitative programs, educational programs, and providing alternative programs to hospitalization (overall community improvement)

192
Q

Primary goals of community health education

A

Reduce incidents of problems by increasing preventative activities

Improve care of the ill by educating the public on the disease and treatments

193
Q

How community psychology works towards prevention (two ways)

A

Education

Preventative health care

194
Q

Health Belief Model

A

(Part of preventative healthcare)

Says health behaviors are influenced by

(1) readiness to take action
(2) evaluation of pros and cons to a response to the health issue
(3) internal and external cues to action

195
Q

Organizational consultation vs advocacy consultation

A

Organizational consultation - the entire system is the consultee

Advocacy consultation - consultant adopts a specific set of values in order to foster the goals of a disenfranchised group

196
Q

Three entities involved in consultation

A

Consultant
Consultee
Client or program

197
Q

Four stages of consultation

A

Entry

Diagnosis

Implementation

Disengagement

198
Q

Entry stage of consultation

A

Identifying consultee needs
Contracting
Physically entering the system

Avoid resistance by clarifying your role and being collaborative

199
Q

Diagnosis stage of consultation

A

Define problem

Set goals and possible interventions

Collect data

200
Q

Implementation stage of consultation

A

Chose intervention

Formulate a plan

Follow through

201
Q

Disengagement stage of consultation

A

Evaluate the consultation

Reducing involvement

202
Q

Four types of mental health consultation

A

(Caplan)

Client-centered case consult - how to work better with one particular client
Consultee-centered case consult - improve delivering services to a particular population
Consultee-centered administrative consult -help admin-level personnel improve their functioning
Program-centered administrative consult - work with administrators to revolve an existing problem

203
Q

Client-centered case consultation

A

Working to develop a plan to work with one person more effectively

204
Q

Consultee-centered case consultation

A

Help a consultee’s performance with a population of people

205
Q

Consultee-centered administrative consultation

A

Help admin-level staff perform better to be more effective in their job

206
Q

Program-centered administrative consultation

A

Work with a program to resolve preexisting issues

207
Q

Consultation v supervision

A

Supervisor has power and is in same profession as supervisee

Consultant not so much

208
Q

Parallel processing

A

(Supervision)

When a supervisee replicates problems and symptoms of their client with the supervisor

209
Q

Eysenck’s research

A

First outcome study of psychotherapy

Found effect of psychotherapy were nonexistent (due to spontaneous remission)

(72% of neurotic adults found improvement with no treatment within 2yrs…66% with eclectic psychotherapy, 44% with psychoanalysis)

210
Q

Critiques to Eysenck’s study

A

The severity of sx between tx and nontx groups were likely different

The nontx group could have been on medication (many were)

211
Q

Smith, Glass, and Miller study

A

1980

Used meta analysis of psychotherapy studies
0.85 effect size: avg therapy client is better off than 80% of of those who need therapy but remain untreated

Psychotherapy treatment effect sizes are equal or greater than those of medication or educational treatment studies

212
Q

Meta-analysis

A

Used to combine the results of several studies into a common metric so they can be measured and compared

Involves calculating an effect size

213
Q

Effect size

A

Mean outcome score of control group - mean outcome of tx group
[divided by]
Standard deviation of the control group

Result indicates the difference between average patients in treatment and control groups in terms of standard deviation units

214
Q

Howard et al findings in treatment duration

A

Relationship between treatment length and outcome begins to level off at around 26 sessions

215
Q

Dose-dependent effect

A

Howard et al

Relationship between the dosage of therapy (number of sessions) and the outcome of treatment

Effects begin to level off at 26 sessions (the curve of the improvement becomes less steep)

216
Q

Three stages of therapy treatment

A

Howard et al

Remoralization - hopelessness and desperation decrease in first few
Remediation - symptom relief in 16 sessions
Rehabilitation - unlearning causes for symptoms varies depending on severity of symptoms

217
Q

Remoralization

Howard et al

A

First stage of therapy

Clients feelings of helplessness and desperation respond quickly to therapy, within the first few sessions

218
Q

Remediation

Howard et al

A

Second stage of therapy

Second stage brings focus onto the symptoms the client is experiencing that brought them into therapy…symptomatic relief usually occurs in about 16 sessions

219
Q

Rehabilitation

Howard et al

A

Third stage of therapy

This stage involves understanding the maladaptive or troublesome behaviors that created the symptoms, and establishing new ways of dealing with life… the length of this process varies depending on the type and severity of the clients problems

220
Q

Efficacy studies

A

Aka clinical trials

Most useful for establishing whether or not a treatment has an effect

221
Q

Effectiveness studies

A

Correlational or quasi-experimental studies

Best for assessing clinical utility - cost-effectiveness, feasibility, generalizability, etc.

222
Q

Efficacy vs effectiveness studies

A

Efficacy studies are good for determining whether or not a treatment has an effect - BUT because clinical trials are so stringent, important variables may be left out of consideration

Effectiveness studies are less experimental (correlational or quasi-experimental), but speak better to the clinical utility of a treatment (cost-effectiveness, generalizability, feasibility, etc.)

223
Q

African Americans and treatment utilization

A

Smaller numbers receive mental health services compared to whites

But African Americans are disproportionately seen in hospital emergency rooms and psychiatric inpatient settings

224
Q

Asian Americans and treatment utilization

A

This population is underrepresented in inpatient and outpatient settings

225
Q

Racial differences in the treatment of depression

A

More whites receive treatment for depression than Hispanics or African Americans

226
Q

Racial disparities in drug use treatment

A

Larger proportions of African Americans receive drug treatment than other ethnic or racial groups

227
Q

Ethnic differences in therapy termination rates

A

Cultural minority groups are more likely to terminate early compared to whites

228
Q

Effects of therapist-client matching

A

This is done when you match the cultural or ethnic identity of the therapist to the client

Results on whether or not this is effective is inconclusive

It’s effectiveness may largely be driven by the cultural commitment of the client

229
Q

Most common mental health problems in older adults

A

Anxiety
Neurocognitive impairment
Depression

230
Q

Response rates of older adults to psychotherapy

A

They tend to respond just as well to a wide array of treatments, similar to younger adults

Older adults may just respond a little slower due to memory decline

231
Q

Clinical focuses for battered women

A

Self-determination, safety, empowerment, self-esteem

232
Q

How to select treatment modalities for victims and abusers of violence

A

Conjoint (couples) Therapy is best when the abuse is expressive (followed by remorse, includes expression of emotion…)

Individual therapy is most indicated when the abuse is instrumental (committed without provocation, unilateral, not followed by remorse) because safety of the victim is key

233
Q

Factors that correlate with an abused woman staying in a relationship

A

Commitment to the relationship (saving the relationship)

Economic dependence

Belief the batterer will change

Fear of retaliation against self or children

234
Q

Positives and negatives to treatment manuals

A

Positive - standardizes treatments, disseminates information, provides guidelines for training, can improve clinical judgement

Negative - oversimplify the therapeutic process and can lead to the misuse of the manual

235
Q 
Placebo effect 
(As defined by psychotherapy research)
A

Providing participants with common factors treatment (attention and support), rather than a specific therapeutic modality

Placebo psychotherapy groups typically show greater improvement than those with no treatment

236
Q

Diagnostic overshadowing

A

Tendency to attribute all of someone’s symptoms to their intellectual disabilities

237
Q

Alloplastic vs autoplastic interventions

A

Alloplastic - where you change the environment to better accommodate the individual

Autoplastic - when you change the individual to better cope with their environment

238
Q

Causes of therapist distress

A

Suicidal statements are the most stressful type of client behavior

Lack of therapeutic success is the most stressful aspect of work

Issues related to confidentiality are the most encountered ethical dilemma

239
Q

Rates of mental illness among genders

A

Always higher in women across all age groups

Admission rates at higher among men due to acting out behaviors

240
Q

Marital status and psychiatric hospitalization

A

Rates of hospitalization are highest in those never married

Intermediate for those married or divorced

Lowest in those widowed

241
Q

Psychiatric hospitalization and age

A

Largest proportions are people ages 25-44 for men and women

242
Q

Race/ethnicity and psychiatric hospitalization

A

White represent the largest number of inpatients

But patients from other races are overrepresented

243
Q

Diagnosis and psychiatric hospitalization

A

Most common in persons ages 18-44 is schizophrenia

In people 65+ it is an organic disorder followed by affective disorder

244
Q

Gender and outpatient programs

A

Women more than men

245
Q

What percentage of psychotherapy clients form ethnic minority groups drop out of treatment after the first session

A

50

246
Q

Client-therapist matching may be beneficial for what ethnic groups

A

Asian, Hispanic, White

No effect on African American therapy clients

247
Q

Women are more likely to be the victim of spousal abuse when they are…

A

Younger
Heterosexual
American Indian/Native
And in families with yearly incomes of less than 10,000

248
Q

Considerations for counseling African Americans

A

Emphasize group welfare over individual needs

Extended family focus, may include church

Roles are flexible, men and women are egalitarian

May exhibit signs of healthy cultural paranoia

249
Q

Suggested mode of therapy for African Americans

A

Multisystems Model

Addresses multiple systems at multiple levels and empowers the family to use their own strengths

250
Q

Cultural considerations for working with American Indians and Alaskan Natives

A

Problems caused by disharmony with nature

Emphasis on extended family and tribe

Present focused, go by seasons

Consider listening more important than talking

251
Q

Therapeutic modality for working with America Indians and Alaskan Natives

A

Network therapy

Situates the individual’s problems within their community and other social systems

252
Q

Considerations for working with Asian Americans

A

Collectivist, hierarchical with gender roles

Value interpersonal relationships

Refrain from showing strong emotions that may disrupt peace or shame the family

253
Q

Therapeutic guidelines for working with Asian Americans

A

Emphasize formalism
Shame reinforces prescribed roles and responsibilities
Modesty and self-deprecation aren’t indicative of depression
Establish credibility early
Providing some immediate benefits to treatment
Focus more on behaviors than emotions
Asian Americans may express psychological stress as somatic complaints

254
Q

Considerations for working with Hispanic or Latino populations

A

Emphasize family welfare

Discussing intimate personal data with a stranger is unacceptable

Adopt a concrete approach

Many life events are attributed to natural phenomena or God

255
Q

Guidelines for counseling Latino and Hispanic populations

A

Formalismo then personalismo

Parent-child bond is stronger than husband-wife bond

Differences in the degree of acculturation may be cause for issues

Maybe express as somatic complaints

Acknowledge emphasis on religion

256
Q

Mental health statistics and sexual minorities

A

Higher rates of psychological problems than cis-gendered and heterosexual peers

Anx, dep, SUD, suicide - due to prejudice and discrimination

257
Q

Internalized homophobia

A

When a sexual minority individual accepts heterosexual society’s judgements about them and incorporates that into their self-concept

Tx: identifying and correcting cognitive distortions, create coping skills, emphasize social support

258
Q

What three competencies comprise cultural competence

A

Awareness - aware of their own values and beliefs and when they may be detrimental to others

Knowledge - make attempts to understand the worldviews of others

Skills - use therapeutic modalities appropriate for culturally different clients

259
Q

What two processes are critical to working with culturally diverse clients
(Sue and Zane)

A

Credibility - when the client views the therapist as trustworthy

Giving - clients perception that he or she is benefiting from therapy

260
Q

Indigenous healing practices

A

Culture-specific ways of dealing with human problems and distress

Rely on community and family
Incorporate religious spiritual practices
Conducted by a traditional healer

261
Q

Acculturation

A

The degree to which a member of a culturally diverse group accepts and adheres to the values, attitudes, and behaviors of his or her own group and the dominant (majority) group

262
Q

Four categories of acculturation

Berry et al, 1987

A

Integration - maintains own cultural identity while integrating some of the majority culture

Assimilation - accepts majority culture and rejects their own

Separation - rejects majority culture for their own cultural practices

Marginalization - rejects both personal and majority identities

263
Q

Integration

Form of acculturation

A

When the person maintains their own cultural identity and also accepts parts of the majority culture

264
Q

Assimilation

Category of acculturation

A

When the person rejects their own culture and identifies with the majority culture

265
Q

Separation

Type of acculturation

A

When the person rejects majority culture and instead wholly identifies with their own culture

266
Q

Marginalization

Type of acculturation

A

When the person does not identify with their own culture or 5e majority culture

267
Q

Worldview

A

How a person perceives his or her relationship with nature, other people, institutions, etc.

Depends on locus of control and locus of responsibility
(IC-IR therapists may struggle with working with cultural groups)

268
Q

Cultural encapsulation

A

When a therapist accepts their own values and beliefs as that of everyone else,
disregards cultural differences,
Disregards their own cultural biases,
And ignores evidence that disconfirms their beliefs

269
Q

Emic orientation

A

References culture-specific theories, concepts, and strategies

Attempt to see things through the eyes of other cultures

270
Q

Etic orientation

A

Viewing everyone as being generally the same, without regard for different cultures

Traditional theories of psychotherapy are etic in nature

271
Q

High-context Communication

A

Grounded in the situation, depends on group understanding, relies heavily on nonverbal cues, helps to unify a culture

272
Q

Low-context Communication

A

Explicit, verbal part of a message

Euro-American

273
Q

Three recognized consequences to oppression

A

Internalized oppression - acting out and blaming system

Conceptual incarceration - adopting white worldview

Split-self syndrome - characterizing parts of self as good and bad, African American parts are often what are characterized as bad

274
Q

Internalized oppression

A

Acting out against the system, system blaming, and avoiding whites

May turn to drug use, or educational attainment to elevate one’s self-worth

275
Q

Conceptual incarceration

A

Adopting a white worldview

276
Q

Split-self syndrome

A

Polarizing oneself into good and bad components

Bad components tying most closely to African American identity

277
Q

Two behaviors elicited by African Americans for social protection and acceptance

A

Playing it cool - concealing anger or other unacceptable feelings

Uncle Tom syndrome - adopting an overly positive, hard working demeanor

278
Q

Cultural paranoia

A

Healthy reaction to racism

Decide not to disclose to a therapist for fear they will be harmed or misunderstood

279
Q

Functional paranoia

A

Unhealthy

When a person does not disclose to a therapist due to general distrust and suspicion

280
Q

High cultural paranoia and high functional paranoia

A

Confluent Paranoiac

Treat with components of functional and healthy cultural paranoiacs

281
Q

High functional paranoia and low cultural paranoia

A

Functional paranoiac

Nondisclosive to everyone, due to pathology

Best treatments are targeted towards their pathology

282
Q

Low functional paranoia , high cultural paranoia

A

Healthy Cultural Paranoiac

Disclose to African American therapists but not white therapists, likely due to past experiences with racism

Tx involves confronting the meaning of the paranoia

283
Q

Low functional paranoia, low cultural paranoia

A

Intercultural Nonparanoiac Discloser

284
Q

Three terms petitioned to replace the word “homophobia”

A

Sexual stigma - society’s negative regard for anything non-hetero

Heterosexism - cultural ideologies that promote hostility towards homosexuals

Sexual prejudice - negative attitudes based on sexual orientation

285
Q

Sexual stigma

A

Shared knowledge of society’s disregard for any nonheterosexual behavior or identity

Creates a power and status differential between homosexual and heterosexual groups

286
Q

Heterosexism

A

Cultural ideologies that promote and perpetrate hostility and violence towards homosexuals

(Sexual minorities are deviant and threatening - inherent in laws and other cultural institutions)

287
Q

Sexual prejudice

A

Negative attitudes based on sexual orientation

Regardless of what the orientation is

288
Q

Four identity models

A

Racial/cultural identity model (CDRII)

Black racial identify model (PEII)

White racial identity model (CDR PIA)

Homosexual identity model (SSIC)

289
Q

Stages of the racial/cultural development identity model

A

1 - Conformity - positive attitudes towards the dominant culture
2 - Dissonance - confusion over conflicting attitudes towards self and others
3 - Resistance and Immersion - rejects dominant culture
4 - Introspection - question the rigidity of wholly rejecting dominant culture
5 - Integrative Awareness - strong desire to eliminate all oppression

290
Q

Stages of black identity (nigrescence) development

A

1 - Pre-Encounter - mainstream identity, may have anti-Black beliefs
2 - Encounter - exposure to race-related events increases racial awareness and interest in developing an black identity
3 - Immersion-Emersion - high racial identity, anti-White
4 - Internalization - pro-black, bicultural, multicultural orientations

291
Q

Two main stages of white identity model

A

1-3 - contact, disintegration, reintegration
Focus on abandoning racism

4-6 - pseudo-independence, immersion-emersion, autonomy
Focus on developing a nonracist identity

292
Q

Six stages in white racial identity development

A

Contact - little awareness, unsophisticated racial behaviors
Disintegration - awareness of racism leads to confusion
Reintegration - resolve moral conflict by idealizing Whiteness

Pseudo-Independence - question racist views
Immersion-Emersion - confronts own biases as privilege
Autonomy - respect for cultural and racial differences

293
Q

Four interactions that deal with racial identity between the therapist and the client

A

Parallel - levels of racial identity are equal

Progressive - therapists level of racial identity is at least one level above client

Regressive - clients level of racial identity is at least one level above that of the therapist

Crossed - when both parties attitudes oppose the other race

294
Q

Stages to the homosexual identity development model

A

Sensitization - middle childhood, realize you’re different than peers
Self-Recognition - puberty, attracted to same sex, turmoil and confusion
Identity Assumption - becomes certain of identity and can try to pass as heterosexual or join into the homosexual community
Commitment - public disclosure of homosexuality

EPPP (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions