Chapter 2 Flashcards
Individual differences
Ways in which people are similar and dissimilar in personal characteristics
Surface-level diversity
Involves individual differences in visible attributes such as race, sex, age, and physical abilities
Deep-level diversity
Involves individual differences in attributes such as personality and values
Self-concept
View individuals have of themselves as physical, social, spiritual, or moral beings
Self-awareness
Being aware of one’s own behaviours, preferences, styles, biases and personalities of others
Self-esteem
Belief about one’s worth based on an overall self-evaluation
Self-efficacy
Individual’s belief about the likelihood of successfully completing a specific task
Prejudice
Display of negative, irrational, and superior opinions and attitudes toward persons who are different from ourselves
Discrimination
Denial of minority members the full benefits of organizational membership
Glass ceiling effect
Invisible barrier limiting career advancements of women and minorities
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Protects individuals against employment discrimination on the basis of race and colour, as well as national origin, sex and religion
Leaking pipeline
Describes how women drop out careers before reaching the top levels of organizations
Leadership double bind
Describes how women are seen as weak in leadership if they conform to the feminine stereotype and also weak if they go against it
Americans with Disabilities Act
Federal civil rights statute that protects the rights of people with disabilities
Universal design
Practice of designing products, buildings, pubic spaces, and programs to be usable by the greatest number of people
Stigma
Phenomenon whereby an individual is rejected as a result of an attribute that is deeply discredited by his or her society
Social identity theory
Theory developed to understand the psychological basis of discrimination
Feeling of “in-group membership”
Exists when individuals sense they are part of a group and experience favorable status and a sense of belonging
Feeling of “out-group membership”
Exists when individuals sense they are not part of a group and experience discomfort and low belongingness
Personality
Overall combination of characteristics that capture the unique nature of a person as that person reacts to and interacts with others
Personality traits
Enduring characteristics describing an individual’s behaviour
Extraversion
Degree to which someone is outgoing, social, and assertive. An extravert is comfortable and confident in interpersonal relationships
Agreeableness
Degree to which someone is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting. An agreeable person gets along well with others
Conscientiousness
Degree to which someone is responsible, dependable and careful. A conscientious person focuses on what can be accomplished and meets commitments
Emotional stability
Degree to which someone is relaxed, secure, and un-worried. A person who is emotionally stable is calm and confident
Openness to experience
Degree to which someone is curious, open to new ideas, and imaginative. An open person is broad-minded, receptive to new things and comfortable with change
Social traits
Reflect how a person appears to others in social settings
Problem-solving style
How we gather and evaluate information when solving problems.
Personal conception traits
Personal beliefs and orientations toward settings and issues