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MSK Exam 2 > Basic Blood > Flashcards

Basic Blood Flashcards

1
Q

This is a fluid CT that circulates through the CV system. Made of cells and protein-rich fluid called plasma.

A

Blood

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2
Q

This is the name for RBCs.

A

Erythrocytes

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3
Q

This is the name for WBCs.

A

Leukocytes

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4
Q

This is the name for platelets.

A

Thrombocytes

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5
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
    • Deliver oxygen and nutrients
    • Transport waste and carbon dioxide
    • Deliver hormones, regulatory substances, immunes cells
    • Maintain homeostasis (act as buffer, coagulation, thermoregulation)
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6
Q

This is the term for the volume of RBCs in a sample of blood (packed cell volume, PCV).

A

Hematocrit

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7
Q

What is normal hematocrit for males and females?

A

Males – 39-50 percent

Females – 35-45 percent

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8
Q

Leukocytes and Platelets normally consist of only _____ percent of the blood (buffy coat).

A

One

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9
Q

This is the liquid extracellular component of blood, over 90 percent water by weight.

A

Blood plasma

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10
Q

Blood plasma acts as a solvent of different solutes, such as…

A 
Proteins
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Dissolved gases 
Waste
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11
Q

This is fluid that is surrounding the cells. It is derived from blood plasma and has the same electrolyte composition.

A

Interstitial fluid

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12
Q

What are the primary plasma proteins?

A

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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13
Q

This is blood plasma without clotting factors (fibrinogen).

A

Serum

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14
Q

This is the main protein component of plasma proteins (50 percent) and it is made in the liver.

A

Albumin

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15
Q

This plasma protein is responsible for the concentration gradient between blood and extracellular tissue fluid.

A

Albumin

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16
Q

Albumin is source of _______ _______ pressure.

A

Colloid Osmotic

***Colloid Osmotic Pressure pulls fluid INTO the blood

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17
Q

Albumin is a carrier protein for what?

A

Thyroxine
Bilirubin
Barbiturates

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18
Q

Globulins are plasma proteins that can be immune or non-immune. Immunoglobulins are ________ and non-immune globulins are ________ and ________.

A

y-globulin (gamma)
a-globulin (alpha)
B-globulin (beta)

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19
Q

Immunoglobulins (y-globulin) are the largest, functional immune components. Non-immune globulins (a-globulin and B-globulin) maintain ________ pressure and serve as carrier proteins.

A

Osmotic

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20
Q

Fibronectins, Lipoproteins, and Coagulation factors are what type of plasma protein?

A

Non-immune globulins

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21
Q

This is the largest plasma protein and is made in the liver. It is involved in the formation of the Platelet Plug.

A

Fibrinogen

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22
Q

Fibrinogen interacts with Thrombin to make…

A

Fibrin

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23
Q

_______ cross-links and forms an impermeable net that helps prevent further blood loss.

A

Fibrin

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24
Q

These cells are biconcave discs with no nucleus and are very flexible. They bind to oxygen for delivery to tissues, and bind to carbon dioxide for removal from tissues.

A

Erythrocytes

*** “Bags of Hemoglobin”

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25
Q

How long do RBCs live?

A

About 120 days

***Phagocytized in spleen, bone marrow, and liver

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26
Q

What are normal RBC counts for males and females?

A

Males – 4.5-6 million cells/mcL

Females – 4-5 million cells/mcL

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27
Q

These are anucleate, immature RBCs. Reflect erythroid proliferation, and will stain blue due to residual ribosomal RNA that’s retained.

A

Reticulocytes

28
Q

What is the normal pathway for a Reticulocyte?

A

Enter circulation —- Lose polyribosomes —- Mature as RBC

29
Q

What is the normal count for Reticulocytes?

A

0.5-1.5 percent of RBCs

***Increase/Decrease can indicate a pathology or malignancy

30
Q

This is the term for decreased hemoglobin levels, most caused by a reduction in the number of RBCs. Symptoms are weakness, fatigue, loss of energy, headaches, dizziness, pale skin.

A

Anemia

31
Q

________ anemia is due to accelerated destruction of RBCs.

A

Hemolytic

32
Q

Decreased RBC production can occur due to what dietary deficiencies?

A

Iron
Vitamin B12
Folic acid

33
Q

This is due to a point mutation in the Beta-Globin chain of HbA. Glutamic Acid is changed to Valine and causes HbA to become HbS.

A

Sickle Cell Disease

34
Q

In sickle cell, low ________ or dehydration causes Hb to precipitate and sickling of cells. Blood is more viscous, and the cells are more fragile. Break down is in ______ days rather than 120.

A

Oxygen

20

35
Q

Does sickle cell occur more often homozygotes or heterozygotes?

A

Homozygotes (85 percent)

***40 percent is heterozygous – usually asymptomatic

36
Q

A pile up of sickle cells can occlude small and large vessels, causing…

A

Acute Chest Syndrome

37
Q

This is the yellow appearance of sclera of eye and the skin.

A

Jaundice

38
Q

Jaundice is caused from a buildup of ________ (a pigment in RBCs) in blood, due to RBCs being destroyed.

A

Bilirubin

39
Q

Jaundice can be common in newborns due to inefficiency of newborn _______.

A

Liver

40
Q

Leukocytes are divided into granulocytes and agranuloctyes. What type of cells are in each group?

A 
Granulocytes = Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils 
Agranulocytes = Lymphocytes, Monocytes

***Amounts in descending order: Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

41
Q

What is the normal count for TOTAL leukocytes?

A

5,000-10,000 cells/mcL

42
Q

These are the most numerous of the circulating WBCs (50-70 percent). They have a multi-lobed nucleus and a general lack of cytoplasmic staining.

A

Neutrophils

43
Q

Neutrophils are inactive and spherical when circulating, and act as an ________ during diapedesis with the ECM.

A

Amoeboid

44
Q

These cells are for acute inflammation and tissue injury. They secrete granular enzymes, ingest damaged tissue, and kill invading microorganisms as well as recognize and bind to bacteria and other foreign organisms.

A

Neutrophils

45
Q

This type of neutrophil granules are lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase (MPO).

A

Azurophilic granules

46
Q

This type of neutrophil granules are various enzymes, complement activators, and antimicrobial peptides.

A

Specific granules

47
Q

This is the passage of WBCs through blood vessels to areas of damage/infection.

A

Diapedesis

48
Q

Areas of damage/infection release ________. These loosen intercellular junctions in post capillary venues and increase cell adhesion proteins in the vessel wall.

A

Cytokines

49
Q

WBCs express _______ and interact with adhesion proteins, which slows them down and adheres them to the vessel wall. The cells then extend through openings between endothelial cells and migrate out of the venue.

A

Ligands

50
Q

This is the term for attraction involving chemical mediators.

A

Chemotaxis

51
Q

These are similar to the size of neutrophils and have bi-lobed nuclei. They have an abundance of large, acidophilic granules staining intensely pink or red (1-4 percent of circulating WBCs).

A

Eosinophils

52
Q

This type of WBC will phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes. Counts increase with allergies and/or parasitic infections and may mediate chronic inflammation.

A

Eosinophils

***Called Eosinophilia when counts increase

53
Q

The are the least numerous WBC (less than 1 percent). Similar to size of Neutrophil and have a lobed nucleus that is usually obscured by granules. Have specific granules that stain intensely purple.

A

Basophils

***Granules stain intensely purple because they are basophilic

54
Q

Basophils release vasoactive agents from their granules. These are…

A

Heparin

Histamine

55
Q

Basophils supplement the function of ______ cells and are responsible for Type I Hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis (think allergic infections).

A

Mast

56
Q

These are 2-8 percent of circulating WBCs and they intensely stain as a spherical nucleus with thin, pale blue rim of cytoplasm.

A

Lymphocytes

***Think viral and fungal infections

57
Q

This type of lymphocyte develops in the thymus and is involved in cell-mediated immunity.

A

T-cells

58
Q

This type of lymphocyte forms and differentiates in the bone marrow and transforms into plasma cells, which makes antibodies.

A

B-cells

59
Q

This type of lymphocyte is programmed to kill virus-infected and/or tumor cells.

A

Natural Killer cells (NK cells)

60
Q

These are 2-8 percent of circulating WBCs. They are the largest of the RBCs and have an indented, horseshoe-shaped nucleus with a paler cytoplasm. They have small, azurophilic granules.

A

Monocytes

61
Q

Monocytes (in blood) can differentiate into what other cells (in tissues)?

A

Macrophages
Osteoclasts
Kupffer cells (liver)
Microglia

62
Q

Monocytes differentiate in tissues in response to _________.

A

Inflammation

***Monocyte leaves vasculature — Macrophage — Phagocytosis

63
Q

These are small, membrane-bound cytoplasmic fragments. They are derived from Megakaryoctyes, which are large polyploid cells in bone marrow.

A

Thrombocytes (Blood platelets)

64
Q

Thrombocytes are small bits of cytoplasm that have broken off of __________. They circulate as discoid structures with a lifespan of about 10 days.

A

Megakaryocytes

65
Q

Thrombocytes contain granules that release platelet-specific proteins, function in controlling blood loss, which is called…

A

Hemostasis

66
Q

Immature neutrophils will have a _______ nucleus versus lobed. You see an increased number of these when there’s a large increase in ________ (Neutrophil precursor) proliferation. Means there could be a serious bacterial infection or cancer.

A

Banded

Myeloid

MSK Exam 2 (26 decks)

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