Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

508 > Objectives > Flashcards

Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

Define and give examples of ethnocentrism

A

The view that one’s own culture/opinions is superior to others.
- Making false assumptions about others’ ways based on our own limited experience
- Judging other groups as inferior to one’s own, based on our own cultural POV
E.g. Nazi Germany

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can ethnocentrism have an impact on nursing practice?

A

Different values/priorities –> cultural imposition –> non-compliance and victim blaming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the differences bw biological and social Darwinism

A
  • Biological: the belief in the theory of evolution by means of natural selection. “Survival of the fittest”
  • Social: the application of Darwinism to the study of human society; i.e. individuals/groups achieve advantage over others as the result of genetic/biological superiority (born that way so that’s where you stay in society). Gave rise to the eugenics movement and justified colonisation (bc ‘others’ were ‘lower’ in evolutionary development –> Europeans, being ‘fitter,’ should triumph in the struggle for existence)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Discuss the implications of social Darwinist philosophy in relation to every day interactions with people

A
  • According to social Darwinist beliefs, where you’re born is where you deserve to stay in society.
  • This value/belief system doesn’t help those who, in their eyes, won’t contribute to society
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Investigate the impact that Social Darwinist attitudes have on the delivery of nursing care

A

Social inequality, sexism, racism and imperialism, leading to poor and unethical nursing care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the historical development of social theory

A
  • Feudalism: God/church in power; illness = sin
  • Enlightenment: Power of church declines, society now organised according to the principles of reason; theories of disease and illness change
  • Industrial revolution: feudal system replaced by industrialism; scientific revolution, biomedical model; incr. technology; mechanization of labour + shift for paid work –> social problems + poverty
  • Capitalism: Pursuit of profit by the rich at the expense of the poor; created class system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Importance of sociology

A
  • Personal views are set aside to look at the factors which influence and shape our lives and the lives of those around us.
  • Avoid ethnocentrism
  • Awareness of cultural differences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the main contributions of Auguste Comte?

A
  • Aimed to develop a science which would discover the ‘laws’ of the social world in order to improve welfare of humanity; coined the term sociology
  • Positivist worldview; believes only in things that can be objectified
  • Functionalist theorist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the main contributions of Karl Marx?

A
  • (Class) conflict theory; highlighting divisions in society & power inequality
  • Primary focus was the development of Capitalism
  • Theorised a revolution of the inferior class to overthrow the ruling class –> Communism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the main contributions of Emile Durkheim?

A
  • Study of suicide rates; social issue not individual

- Functionalism; society as a complex system; importance of moral consensus for order/stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the main contributions of Max Weber?

A
  • Focused on social action (the subjectively meaningful actions of people oriented towards others)
  • Shift from traditional beliefs –> rationalisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Discuss the concept of culture

A
  • the total lifestyle of a people, including all the ideas, knowledge, behaviours, and material objects that they share.
  • is a learned social heritage that is accumulated through time and is passed on to succeeding generations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Discuss factors in nursing that may facilitate or impede culturally safe care

A
  • Consultation and negotiation are two of the most valuable communication skills you have at your disposal
  • ethnocentrism
  • social darwinism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe the historical development of biomedical knowledge

A
  1. Clinical medicine: knowledge gained from dissection, observation –> examination; interest in disease (& its causes) rather than focus on patient; body began to be viewed as machine; “what’s the matter w you” –> “where does it hurt?”
    2a. Laboratory medicine: germ theory - germs cause disease; disease pathology sought at the level of the cell; belief that every separate disease has a specific cause; favoured lab tests over patient and doctor; “Let’s wait and see what the tests say”
    2b. Unpacking the human genome: examining genetic codes associated w various diseases & forms of behaviour; human genome project
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

have an understanding of the Cartesian Revolution and the idea of ‘body as machine’

A

Cartesian Dualism: the separation of the spiritual world from the material world, whereby the material world could be conceived of as a vast machine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

compare the holistic model of health with the biomedical model

A
  • holistic: considers the whole person and how he or she interacts with his or her environment. Emphasises the connection of mind, body, and spirit
  • biomedical: based on the diagnosis and explanation of illness as a malfunction of the body’s biological mechanisms
17
Q

discuss the underlying assumptions of the biomedical model

A
  1. Mind-body dualism: the way the mind is seen as completely separate from the body; biomedicine tends to ignore the link between the mind and the body
  2. Mechanical metaphor: the body is viewed as being akin to a machine which may have parts that sometimes break down; the role of the doc is to repair these dysfunctional parts.
  3. Technological imperative: using technology/science to treat the broken body bc it’s the ‘right’ way; desire to cure disease and intervene death at all costs
  4. Reductionist explanations of illness: concerned only w the changes that occur within bodies rather than examining the contribution of social and psychological factors to the development of illness/disease
  5. Doctrine of specific aetiology: assumption that every disease is caused by one specific identifiable agent
18
Q

Shortcomings of biomedical knowledge

A
  1. Biomedicine overplays its own efficacy: assumes that biomedical knowledge has been responsible for most of the major improvements in health over the past 2 centuries, however most of the decline in deaths from major infectious diseases occurred prior to this and are instead linked to improvements in nutrition, housing and sanitation.
    I.e. Pretends to be better than it is
  2. Disease and illness are socially structured: medical professionals deal w individuals and look at the immediate cause of disease/illness, however these do not account for the social patterning that can be observed across the globe and bw ethnic groups, social classes, generations, classes, etc.
    I.e. Society plays a role in how we get disease and how severe they are
  3. Illness and disease are experienced by active subjects not passive biomedical bodies: suffering individuals are treated as if they were only biomedical entities
    I.e. It’s going to be different for everyone
  4. Biomedicine has contributed to the medicalisation of life: iatrogensis (illness caused by medicine), e.g. side effects, robbing people of the ability to cope w pain + illness, and aspects of life becoming more medicalised; biological and social problems previously thought of as normal and natural have come to be defined as medical problems.
    I.e. Take things that are normal day-to-day things and turn them into something that needs to be treated or cured (e.g. ageing, pregnancy, periods)
  5. Medical facts are not objective truths but are the outcome of processes of social construction: biomedicine treats disease as if it is a universal phenomenon that is culture-free. There is no pure scientific realm that exists outside of society
    I.e. not everything is scientifically proven, things change over time and are not necessarily true
19
Q

What is Capitalism?

A

an economic system based on the private accumulation of wealth

20
Q

have a beginning understanding of the impact of capitalism on health status

A

There are limited health choices when money is short – damp houses, inadequate heating, poor nutrition, inadequate facilities, inability to attend appointments or clinics and little money to spend on maintaining health.

21
Q

Outline the concept of stratification and comment on the dimensions of social divisions.

A
  • The unequal distribution of benefits and burdens between different categories of people within society
22
Q

Demonstrate your understanding of how class might influence health and health interventions.

A
  • Lower class = less wealth, income, power, life chances and status –> poor health, short life expectancy and inaccessibility to health
23
Q

Explain the social model of health

A

examines all the factors which contribute to health such as social, cultural, political and the environment

24
Q

discuss the advantages and drawbacks of using a social model in health practice

A

Advantages: addresses the social determinants of health and illness by examines all the factors which contribute to health (social, cultural, political, environmental); focus on prevention and education; less costly to prevent than to treat/cure; increased quality of life and autonomy for individuals; identifies policy solutions to prevent disease through interventions beyond the health system
Disadvantages: not all diseases are preventable; sociological opinions can underestimate individual responsibility and psychological factors; overemphasis on the harmful side effects of biomedicine; proposed solutions can be complex and difficult to implement short-term

25
Q

Legitimate vs illegitimate power

A
  • Legitimate power: The professional knowledge you gain about your discipline gives you power over those who come to you for advice
  • Illegitimate power: military coo, wealth

Can exercise both forms

26
Q

Race vs ethnicity

A

Race = physical characteristics; perceived to be different due to biological differences

Ethnicity = cultural characteristics

27
Q

What caused racial characteristics?

A

physical adaptations to the environment

28
Q

Sociological approaches to religion:

Durkheim (functionalist theory) vs Marx (conflict theory)

A
  • Durkheim (functionalist): religion is a misplaced reverence/respect for the powers of society; worshipping spirits/Gods is actually worshipping society; We’re born and immersed into society without explanation and thus religion serves to give answers to Qs like why and how we’re here
  • Marx’s Conflict Perspective: Makes people view religion as separate from real life/society and thus they believe they have no control over their life; Opiate of the people (i.e. I don’t need to fight for my life and what happens bc it’s out of my control); Preoccupied with afterlife as a way to stay content with current real life

508 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions