Embryology

Question 1

From gametes to Derm

Answer 1

Gametes –> Zygote –> blastula –> gastrula –>endoderm/mesoderm/ectoderm

Question 2

Explain the neurulation process

Answer 2

notochord arises from dorsal mesoderm and induce neural plate from ectoderm, forming neural tube and neural crest cells migration

Question 3

Describe neural tube closure

Answer 3

Begins in the middle than proceeds rostrally and caudally (closing neuropores)

Question 4

Describe first 3 brain vesicles

Answer 4

From rostral end cell proliferation
Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

Question 5

Describe the 5 brain vesicles

Answer 5

From rostral end cell proliferation
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesncephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

Question 6

Telencephalon will give rise to

Answer 6

cerebrum

Question 7

Diencephalon will give rise to

Answer 7

retina
thalamus
hypothalamus

Question 8

Mesencephalon will give rise to

Answer 8

Midbrain

Question 9

Metencephalon

Answer 9

Cerebellum

Pons

Question 10

Myelencephalon

Answer 10

Medulla

Question 11

Branchial (pharyngeal) arches

Answer 11

mesoderm
Form parts of CN V,VII, IX, X
Homeobox

Question 12

Placodes

Answer 12

Ectoderm thickening

Form cranial nerve ganglia and cranial sense organs

Question 13

3 things somites form

Answer 13

Sclerotome (vertebrae, ribs)
Myotome (skeletal muscles)
Dermatome (dermis)

Question 14

How does the spinal cord moves during development

Answer 14

rostral (up)

Question 15

Fetal spinal cord extension

Answer 15

To the bottom of the spinal column

Question 16

Adult spinal cord extension

Answer 16

L1 and L2 vertebral bodies

Question 17

What are the 3 layers protecting brain and spinal cord?

Answer 17

Pia matter
Arachnoid matter
Dura matter

Question 18

ANS cells origin

Answer 18

Neural crest

Question 19

Neural crest cell migration

Answer 19

1. Dorsal root ganglion
2. Melanocytes
3. Branchial arch structures
4. Para-vertebral sympathetic ganglia
5. Adrenal medulla
6. Pre-vertebralsympathetic ganglia
7. Parasympathetic plexus

Question 20

Defects of closure of neural tube

Answer 20

Anencephaly
Encephalocele
Myelocele (spina bifida)

Question 21

Neuronal proliferation and migration defects

Answer 21

• Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia
• Right Frontal Polymicrogyria
• Right Frontal Cortical Dysplasia
• Schyzencephaly