Chemical level of organisation

Question 1

What are the major fluid compartments of the body and approximately what percent of fluid is in each?

Answer 1

Intracellular fluid (65%)
Extracellular fluid 
- Interstitial fluid (25%)
- Blood plasma and lymph (8%)
- Transcellular fluid (2%)

Question 2

What is a solvent and solute?

Answer 2

Solvent is water

Solute is everything dissolved in water in the body

Question 3

What is pH?

Answer 3

The concentration of H+ ions in a solution

Question 4

What is an ion? What about ion in aqueous solution?

Answer 4

Charged atoms, or group of atoms

In solution is electrolyte

Question 5

What is a cation?

Answer 5

a positively charged ion

Question 6

What is an anion?

Answer 6

A negatively charged ion

Question 7

What should the pH of blood be?

Answer 7

7.35 - 7.45

Question 8

What are three of the most important nutrients needed to sustain human life?

Answer 8

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids

Question 9

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 9

Two or more atoms sharing electrons

Question 10

What is a polar molecule?

Answer 10

When the electrons in a covalent bond are not equally shared and one side of the molecule becomes slightly positive and one side slightly negative

Question 11

Does a solution with a high concentration of H+ have a high or low pH? What sort of solution is this?

Answer 11

Low pH, acidic solution

Question 12

What is a neutral solution?

Answer 12

One with the same amount of H+ ions and base anions

Question 13

What is a buffer?

Answer 13

a mechanism which resists pH change by converting strong acid or base into a weak one

Question 14

What is a physiological buffer? which systems are involved in this?

Answer 14

a system which stabilises pH by controlling output of acids, bases or CO2. The urinary and respiratory systems are involved. The urinary system effects pH the most, but is slow to react. the respiratory system changes pH quickly, but can not affect it as much.

Question 15

What is a chemical buffer?

Answer 15

substances which either bind to H+ to remove them, or releases H+ into a solution. three major systems: bicarbonate, phosphate and protein

Question 16

What do all cells require to sustain life?

Answer 16

1. Gas exchange
2. Nutrients
3. Waste removal

Question 17

In order, what are the 6 most most common elements in the body? (Making up 98.5% of body weight)

Answer 17

1. Oxygen
2. Carbon
3. Hydrogen
4. Nitrogen
5. Calcium
6. Phosphorus

Question 18

What is a mineral?

Answer 18

A non-organic element

Question 19

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 19

attraction of a cation to an anion

Question 20

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 20

The sharing of electrons

Question 21

What is a polar molecule?

Answer 21

When an electron in a covalent bond spends more time orbiting certain atoms than others, creating a slightly negative and slightly positive region of the molecule

Question 22

What is the bond between the slightly negatively and slightly positively regions of molecules?

Answer 22

A hydrogen bond

Question 23

What is the endoplasmic reticulum? what is the difference between the rough ER and the smooth ER?

Answer 23

system of interconnected channels. Rough ER flattened parallel sacs with ribosomes

Question 24

What does the ER do?

Answer 24

synthesises steroids and lipids, detoxifies alcohol and manufactures all membranes of cell.
Rough ER produces phospholipids and proteins that are either secreted from cell or packaged into organelles such as lysosomes