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Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following selections correctly lists the sequence of events that occur during intramembranous ossification?

Entry field with correct answer

Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum.

Calcification > Ossification center develops > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum.

Ossification center develops > Formation of trabeculae > Calcification > Development of new periosteum.

Development of new periosteum > Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae.

Ossification center develops > Calcification > Development of new periosteum > Formation of trabeculae.

A

Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum.

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2
Q

Which of the following hormones are more important post-puberty for bone growth?

Entry field with correct answer

insulin like growth factors

thyroid hormones

human growth hormone

insulin

sex hormones

A

sex hormones

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3
Q

Osteons are found in _____, while trabeculae are found in _____.

Entry field with correct answer

broken, whole

whole, broken

compact, spongy

spongy, compact

A

compact, spongy

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4
Q

Which of the following do not descend from mesenchyme cells?

Entry field with correct answer

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

Chondrocytes

A

Osteoclasts

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5
Q

In fetal bone, the primary ossification center is found

Entry field with correct answer

at the periosteum.

at the epiphysis.

in the middle of the bone.

all of these.

A

in the middle of the bone

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6
Q

During childhood, bones growth in diameter by

Entry field with correct answer

appositional growth

interstitial growth

inflectional growth

all of these

A

appositional growth

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7
Q

An overactive parathyroid gland can cause

Entry field with correct answer

Hypocalcemia

Hypercalcemia

Isocalcemia

All of these

A

Hypercalcemia

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8
Q

Why would running and jumping have a larger effect on bone health than walking?

Entry field with correct answer

Osteoblasts are less active and osteoclast are more active when there is mechanical stress placed on bones.

Osteoblasts are more active and osteoclast maintain normal activity when there is mechanical stress placed on bones.

Mechanical stress does not have an influence on osteoblast and osteoclast activity.

Running and jumping will prevent demineralization over time.

A

Osteoblasts are more active and osteoclast maintain normal activity when there is mechanical stress placed on bones.

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9
Q

In which region of a long bone, such as the humerus, would you find the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)?

Entry field with correct answer
	epiphysis
	diaphysis
	metaphysis
	periosteum
	endosteum
A

metaphysis

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10
Q

The process of intramembranous ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of mesenchymal tissue. In contrast, endochondral ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of _____.

Entry field with correct answer
	hyaline cartilage
	periosteum
	articular cartilage
	adipose tissue
	none of these choices
A

hyaline cartilage

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11
Q

Which of the following regions of bone would not undergo bone remodeling as frequently as the other regions?

Entry field with correct answer
	 spongy bone
	 compact bone
	 bone subjected to new stresses
	 damaged bone
	 all of these have similar rates of remodeling
A

compact bone

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12
Q

Which of the following is a function of calcium in the body?

Entry field with correct answer
nerve cells require extracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) for proper functioning
Ca2+ is a cofactor needed for many enzymes to function properly
Ca2+ is required for the process of blood clotting
Ca2+ is needed by muscle cells for contraction
all of these are important roles of calcium in the body

A

all of these are important roles of calcium in the body

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13
Q

Which is the proper sequence of steps in the healing of a fracture (the steps are listed below but are not in the correct sequence of events):
1 osteoblasts form trabecular bone that joins together the fractured ends of the bone and bony callus replaces fibrocartilage callus
2 bone remodeling occurs and compact bone replaces the spongy bone around the periphery of the fracture site
3 fibroblasts and chondrocytes from the periosteum form the fibrocartilage callus
4 a fracture hematoma forms and bone cells in the region of the fracture die
5 phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to remove the dead cells and damaged tissue around the hematoma

Entry field with correct answer
	4, 5, 1, 2, 3
	5, 4, 3, 1, 2
	4, 5, 2, 3, 1
	3, 1, 2, 4, 5
	4, 5, 3, 1, 2
A

4, 5, 3, 1, 2

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14
Q

Osteocytes within lacunae are only found in compact bone and not within the trabeculae of spongy bone.

Entry field with correct answer
True
False

A

False

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15
Q

During the process of bone formation in a fetus, a primary ossification center develops in the epiphysis of a cartilage model of a long bone.

Entry field with correct answer
True
False

A

False

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16
Q

In primary ossification, the first type of bone that forms and replaces the cartilage model is compact bone.

Entry field with correct answer
True
False

A

False

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17
Q

The type of bone fracture characterized by the broken ends of the bone protruding through the skin is known as a(n)

Entry field with correct answer
	Closed (simple) fracture
	Open (compound) fracture
	Impacted fracture
	Pott's fracture
	Greenstick fracture
A

Open (compound) fracture

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18
Q

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

Entry field with correct answer

Diaphysis – shaft of bone

Epiphysis – proximal and distal ends of the bone

Epiphyseal growth plate – found in metaphysis of a growing bone

Articular cartilage – composed of elastic cartilage to allow flexibility

Endosteum – lines the medullary cavity

A

Articular cartilage – composed of elastic cartilage to allow flexibility

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19
Q

_______ contribute(s) to the hardness of bone while ________ give(s) it flexibility.

Entry field with correct answer

Mineral salts; collagen and other organics

Collagen; mineral salts

Proteins; hydroxyapatite

Yellow bone marrow; collagen

A

Mineral salts; collagen and other organics

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20
Q

Which of the following is mismatched?

Entry field with correct answer

Periosteal arteries – supply the periosteum and outer part of the bone.

The nutrient arteries enter through Volkmann’s canals and supply the inner and outer part of the bone.

Metaphyseal arteries help to supply the red bone marrow and tissue of the metaphysis.

Epiphyseal arteries supply the epiphysis red bone marrow and tissue.

A

The nutrient arteries enter through Volkmann’s canals and supply the inner and outer part of the bone.

21
Q

Which of the following is mismatched?

Entry field with correct answer

Zone of resting cartilage – anchors the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis.

Zone of proliferating cartilage – Large chondrocytes arranged in stacks divide to replace those dying at the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate.

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage – consists of rapidly dividing immature chondrocytes

Zone of calcified cartilage – is converted into bone by endochondral ossification.

Epiphyseal line - signifies the end of longitudinal bone growth

A

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage – consists of rapidly dividing immature chondrocytes

22
Q

Bones that are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue are

Entry field with correct answer
	sesamoid bones
	long bones
	short bones
	sutural bones
	flat bones
A

flat bones

23
Q

While the bones of this joint may fracture, they rarely become dislocated. The articular capsule and accessory ligaments of this joint make it one of the strongest structures in the body.

Entry field with correct answer
	temporomandibular joint
	elbow joint
	shoulder joint
	hip joint
	knee joint
A

hip joint

24
Q

When walking down stairs or a steep hill, the knee is flexed. Which structure prevents the tibia from sliding too far posteriorly, and the femur from sliding too far anteriorly?

Entry field with correct answer
	the patellar ligament
	the anterior cruciate ligament
	the posterior cruciate ligament
	medial meniscus
	lateral meniscus
A

the posterior cruciate ligament

25
Q

Which of the following would not be a common occurrence at joints due to aging?

Entry field with correct answer
ligaments become stretched and lengthen
the amount of synovial fluid produced decreases
osteoarthritis due to wear and tear on joints can occur
articular cartilages become thinner
exercise can help an older person maintain their range of motion

A

ligaments become stretched and lengthen

26
Q

Which factors help to keep the articular surfaces in contact and affect the range of motion?

structure or shape of articular bones
	strength and tension (tautness) of the joint ligaments
	arrangement and tension of the muscles
	contact of soft parts
	all of these choices
A

all of these choices

27
Q

Which of the following adducts and flexes the hip?

Entry field with correct answer

pectineus

gluteus maximus

biceps femoris

quadratus femoris

A

pectineus

28
Q

Which ligament strengthens the posterior part of the knee joint?

Entry field with correct answer

patellar ligament

arcuate popliteal ligament

lateral patellar retinacula

medial patellar retinacula

A

arcuate popliteal ligament

29
Q

A gomphosis is which type of joint?

Entry field with correct answer
	fibrous and a suture
	fibrous and a syndesmosis
	cartilaginous and a synchondrosis
	cartilaginous and a symphysis
	synovial
A

fibrous and a syndesmosis

30
Q

Which of the following is an example of a uniaxial joint?

Entry field with correct answer
the saddle joint between the thumb and trapezium of the wrist
the hinge joint of the elbow
the joint between a metacarpal and the proximal phalanx
the ball-and-socket joint between the scapula and humerus
the plane joints between the carpal bones (wrist)

A

the hinge joint of the elbow

31
Q

Which of the following could contribute to a decreased range of motion if a person wore a cast for several weeks which prohibited movement at a particular joint, such as the elbow?

Entry field with correct answer
a decrease in synovial fluid thus reducing the lubrication of the joint
muscle atrophy thus resulting in weakness in the muscles that would move and stabilize the joint
reduced flexibility of the tendons and ligaments at the joint
all of these could be contributing factors
none of these are factors that would limit range of motion

A

all of these could be contributing factors

32
Q

The fibrous capsule of a synovial joint is a thickened continuation of the periosteum of the bones that articulate at the joint.

Entry field with correct answer
True
False

A

True

33
Q

While playing soccer, Maria sustained an injury in which she over-stretched some of the ligaments in her left knee. No bones or muscles were injured. It would be correct to describe her knee injury as a sprain, and not a strain.

Entry field with correct answer
True
False

A

True

34
Q

Which of the following cartilaginous joints is/are correctly classified?

Entry field with correct answer

Epiphyseal plate–Synarthrosis

Joint between manubrium and first rib prior to adulthood–Synarthrosis

Pubic symphysis–Amphiarthrosis

All of these are correctly classified

A

All of these are correctly classified

35
Q

Which of the following statement(s) about the structures making up a synovial joint is incorrect?

Entry field with correct answer

Articular cartilage reduces friction between articulating surfaces in the joint during movement and helps to absorb shock.

Synovial fluid which contains hyaluronic acid and interstitial fluid, helps to nourish chondrocytes, absorb shocks, and supply nutrients and remove wastes.

Articular discs absorb shocks and help to distribute synovial fluid across the articular surfaces of the joint.

All of these are correct statements.

A

All of these are correct statements.

36
Q

Which of the following is mismatched?

Entry field with correct answer

Planer joints – Biaxial or multiaxial

Hinge joints – Uniaxial

Condyloid joints – Biaxial

Saddle joints – Biaxial

Ball and socket – Biaxial

A

Ball and socket – Biaxial

37
Q

Joint ligaments that are tense restrict the range of motion and direct the movement of articulating bones with respect to each other.

Entry field with correct answer
True
False

A

True

38
Q

The joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum can be described by which term(s)? Select all that apply.

Entry field with correct answer

a synchondrosis

a synarthrosis

a cartilaginous joint

a synovial joint

a diarthrosis

A

a synchondrosis

a synarthrosis

a cartilaginous joint

39
Q

Which statement describes the fibular and tibial collateral ligaments? Select all that apply.

Entry field with correct answer

The ligaments are intracapsule ligaments.

The ligaments are part of the synovial cavity.

The ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue.

The ligaments are extracapsular ligaments

The ligaments alleviate friction in the joint.

The ligaments are associated with the knee joint.

The ligaments strengthen the sides of the joint.

A

The ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue.

The ligaments are extracapsular ligaments

The ligaments are associated with the knee joint.

The ligaments strengthen the sides of the joint.

40
Q

Articular discs

  1. maintain the stability of a joint;
  2. direct flow of the synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction;
  3. are made of hyaline cartilage;
  4. are only found in the vertebral column.

Entry field with correct answer

1 only

2 only

3 only

4 only

1 and 2

A

1 and 2

41
Q

Which is a degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost due to a combination of aging, obesity, wear and abrasion of the joints?

Entry field with correct answer

gouty arthritis

Lyme disease

bursitis

osteoarthritis

synovitis

A

osteoarthritis

42
Q

The maxillae bones usually completely fuse into one bone before birth. This joint is known as a

Entry field with correct answer

synchondrosis.

syndesmosis.

symphysis.

diarthrosis.

synostosis.

A

synostosis

43
Q

Bursae are saclike structures that are commonly found between bone and

Entry field with correct answer

skin.

muscle.

ligaments.

tendons.

all the other answer selections.

A

all the other answer selections.

44
Q

This tissue contains chondrocytes along with thick bundles of collagen fibers. A location for this tissue is

Entry field with correct answer
	pinna of the ear
	fetal skeletal
	tendons and ligaments
	pubic symphysis
	cervix of uterus
A

pubic symphysis

45
Q

Hyperflexion occurs when the femur is displaced anteriorly and the tibia is displaced posteriorly. Which ligament should help prevent this movement?

Entry field with correct answer

Fibular collateral ligament

Anterior cruciate ligament

Posterior cruciate ligament

Patellar ligament

Arcuate popliteal ligament

A

Posterior cruciate ligament

46
Q

The prime mover of hip flexion is the __________.

Entry field with correct answer

iliopsoas

semitendinosus

gluteus maximus

biceps femoris

A

iliopsoas

47
Q

Because it is an immovable joint, the sagittal suture, which joins the two parietal bones of the skull, is classified as a _______.

Entry field with correct answer
	diarthrosis
	synarthrosis
	synovial joint
	amphiarthrosis
	cartilaginous joint
A

synarthrosis

48
Q

Which of the following structures is used to reduce friction in joints?

  1. Bursae;
  2. Synovial fluid;
  3. Accessory ligaments;
  4. Labrum

Entry field with correct answer

1 only

2 only

3 only

4 only

1 and 2

A

1 and 2

Anatomy (6 decks)

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