Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 1109 > Week 6- Nervous System > Flashcards

Week 6- Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of a neuron?

A

1) Has cell body
2) Contains dendrites that composes impulses towards the cell body (short, branched fibres)
3) Contains axons that send impulses away from the cell body. (Long, single process)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three different neurons?

A

1) Multipolar neuron
2) Bipolar neuron
3) Unipolar neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the neuroglia?

A

1) Support
2) Segregate/ insulate neurons
3) Protection
4) Promotes health and growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the myelinated neuron?

A

Cells that surround axons with layers of plasma membrane (lipid & protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the function of the myelin shealth?

A

Electrically insulate axon that increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the ganglion?

A

A collection of cell bodies of the neurons outside the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the nerve?

A
  • Bundle of neuron fibres outside the CNS.
  • A collection of many axons.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is grey matter?

A
  • Grey matter is the nerve cell bodies inside the CNS.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is white matter?

A

Neuron fibres within CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is tract?

A
  • A bundle of neuron fibres in the CNS.
  • Runs from brain-spinal cord (vice versa)
  • White in colour due to myelin sheaths covering the axons.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Voluntary contration decisions happens where?

A

The brain

AKA CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The decisions for voluntary movements are transferred to the muscle from what?

A

Motor neurons

(Brain-motor neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the organization of the peripheral nervous system?

A

-Peripheral Nervous system

(divides into 2 categories)

- Somatic/automic nervous systems

(automic nervous system divides to 2 sections)

- Sympathetic division / parasympathetic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the different of afferent and efferent nerves in the PNS?

A
  • Afferent nerves carry electrical impulses from receptors in the body to the CNS.
  • Efferent nerves carry electrical impulses from the CNS to the muscles and glands.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

A
  • Controls voluntary movements
  • Deals with the parts of the body that you can move voluntarily
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the automic nervous system?

A
  • Regulates the functions of internal organs such as the heart, stomach, intestines and some muscles.
  • Unaware of the automic nervous system because it’s involuntary.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Automic nervous system facts?

A
  • Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
  • Many organs receive efferent neurons from both these divisions
  • divisions are often antagonistic
  • Neurotransmitters secreted by nerve ending usually different between the two divisions
  • Hypothalamus – control centre
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the difference of sympathetic/parasympathetic ?

A
  • Sympathetic divison is arousing
  • Parasympathetic division is calming
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic division for eyes?

A
  • Sympathetic = pupils dilate
  • Parasympathetic = Pupils contract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sympathetic/parasympathetic division for salvation

A

Sympathetic- Decreases

Parasympathetic- Increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sympathetic/Parasympathetic division for skin

A

Sympathetic - Perspires

Parasympathetic - Dries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sympathetic/Parasympathetic division with Respiration

A

Sympathetic- Increases

Parasympathetic- Decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sympathetic/Parasympathetic division for the heart

A

Sympathetic- Accelerates

Parasympathetic- Slows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sympathetic/Parasympathetic division for Digestion

A

Sympathetic- Inhibits

Parasympathetic- Activates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Sympathetic/Parasympathetic division for Adrenal Glands

A

Sympathetic- Secretes stress hormones

Parasypathetic- Decrease secretion of stress hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Sympathetic/Parasympathetic division for Immune system functioning

A

Sympathetic- Reduced

Parasympathetic- Enhanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When does the action potential occur?

A

When a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Resting membrane potential facts

A
  • Present in all cells
  • Inside of the cell membrane is negative compared to the outside
  • Has large quantities of negatively charged protein molecules inside the cell that cannot leak out.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the three key factors for the resting membrane potential?

A

1) Sodium / potassium pump
2) The prescense of leaky potassium channels
3) Large quantities of negativelycharged protein molecules inside the cell that cannot leak outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Leaky potassium ion channels facts

A
  • More of them inside than outside of cell
  • potassium (k+) leak channels that lets potassium leave the cell body by facilitated diffusion through concentration gradient
  • Exit of potassium carries a positive charge to outside of cell
  • Contributes to the inside of the cell being more negative than the outside
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the types of plasma membrane ion channels?

A

1) Passive / leakage channels- always open
2) Ligand- gated channels- open with a binding of a specific neurotransmitter
3) Mechanicallly- gated channels- opens/closes with stimulation (vibration, touch, etc.)
4) Volted- gated channels- Open/closes in response to membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the resting state of the neuron?

Phase 1

A
  • All voltage-gated channels are closed from NA+/K+ to pass through.
  • The axon plasma membrane is at its resting membrane potential.

AKA: equal buildup of negative and positive ions in inside/outside of membrane surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is th depolarizing stage of the neuron?

phase 2

A
  • NA+ channel activation gates open when membrane potential of axon reaches threshold.
  • When the na+ rushed through this channel, the inside of the cell becomes depolarize
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is propagation?

A

When an action potential occurs at one side of the membrane and then follows all the way down to the end (like a chain reaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the repolarization phase of the neuron?

phase 3

A
  • Happens when about 30mV of action potential is reached
  • The NA+ gates close and the K+ gates open.
  • The membrane starts to become polarized again due to k+ resurfacing to outside of cell, leaving negative charge inside cell.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is phase 4 of neuron?

A
  • Repolarization phase continues
  • As more k+ ions leaves the inside membrane, the negative charge becomes more domanint inside, restoring resting membrane potential.
  • Na+ channel inactivation gates open.
  • Returns back to resting state when k+ gates close
37
Q

Why does action potential only go one way?

A
  • Due to refractory period.
  • When the sodium channel gates close, they “reset”, resulting in no other action potential being able to generate.
  • As the sodium is depolarizing throughout the membrane, the sodium voltage gates are still being reset and will not open

AKA reason for action potential being generated in one direction.

38
Q

What is the reason for the myelin sheath ?

A

To make the action potential travel through the axon faster.

  • Acts as a insulator fron ions crossing the membrane.
  • Ions can cross through the nodes of the ranvier.
  • Causing saltatory conduction (faster movement)
39
Q

What is the synaptic transmission?

A
  • The realeasing of nerve pulses from the axon bulbs of one neuron to another.
40
Q

What is the synapse transmission process?

A

1) Nerve impulses arrive at axon bulbs
2) Volted gated calcium (Ca2+) gates open, rushing Ca2+ into the bulb
3) Ca2+ causes vesicles to move to presynaptic membrane, undergoing exocytosis, releasing neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
4) Neurotransmitters diffuse across clefts
5) Neurotransmitters fit into receptors of ligand-gated Na+ gates, opening them
6) Na+ rushes into cell, causing action potential to develop

41
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Type of chemical messenger which transmits signals across a chemical synapse

42
Q

What is The role of neurotransmitters in conducting a nerve impulse across a synapse?

A
  • can be inhibitory or excitatory, depending upon the area of the nervous system it is used in
  • Whether it is inhibitory or excitatory depends upon what type of gates it opens
  • it is used by the neurons that are responsible for that function
43
Q

Acetylcholine neurotransmitters facts

A
  • Released at many synapses in the brain and peripheral nervous systems
  • Released at the neuromuscular junction
  • Can have either excitatory or inhibitory action, depending upon which part of the nervous system is using it
  • Its effects are terminated through the action of acetylcholinesterase
44
Q

What are the three types of neurotransmitters?

A

1) Norepinephrine
2) Dopamine
3) Serotonin

45
Q

Peptides neurotransmitters facts

A
  • Include endorphin and enkephalins
  • Act as natural opiates, reducing pain perception
  • Bind to the same receptors as opiates and morphine
46
Q

What is the brain protected by?

A

1) . Bone
2) Meninges
3) cerebrospinal fluids

47
Q

How are harmful substances shielded from the brain?

A

Blood- brain barriers

48
Q

What are blood brain barriers?

A
  • Protects that brain from harmful substances and pathogens by preventing the passage from blood into brain tissue
  • No spaces between the cells of capillary walls – nothing can leak between
  • Also a thick basement membrane around the capillaries
  • Anything that goes across must go through cells, not between
49
Q

What are meninges?

A
  • Three connective tissues that lie external to the CNS
50
Q

What are the three types if meninges?

A

1) Dura mater
2) Arachnoid mater
3) Pia mater

51
Q

What are the functions of the meninges?

A

1) Protect/cover the CNS
2) Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
3) Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
4) Forms partitions within the skull

52
Q

What are ventricles of the human brain?

A

4 Cavities within the brain that contain cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

  • Cerebrospinal fluid lies in the subarachnoid space, Within the ventricles, In the central spinal canal
53
Q

What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and function?

A
  • Watery solution with different solute concentrations
  • Function:
    1) Forms a liquid cushion to give buoyancy to the CNS organs
    2) Prevents the brain from crushing under its own weight
    3) Protects the CNS from blows and other trauma
    4) Nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals throughout it
54
Q

What is the cerebrum/ functions?

A
  • the principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, located in the front area of the skull and consisting of two hemispheres, left and right, separated by a fissure.
  • Function:
    1) Perception or interpretation of sensory impulses
    2) Emotional and intellectual processes
    3) Control of motor movements
55
Q

What is the Diencephalon?

A
  • Central core of the forebrain
  • Consists of 2 major structure:
    1) Thalamus
    2) Hypothalamus
  • Encloses the third ventricle
56
Q

What are the thalamuc functions?

A
  • Afferent impulses from all senses converge and synapse in the thalamus
  • Impulses of similar function are “sorted out,” edited, and relayed as a group
  • All inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex pass through the thalamus
  • Plays a key role in mediating some sensation
    (e. g. pain, temperature, light touch and pressure)
  • Role in limbic system – pain and pleasure interpretation
57
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A
  • Located below the thalamus
  • Principle intermediary between nervous and endocrine systems

-

58
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Main visceral control centre of the body through regulations of: – Autonomic nervous system

– Heart rate

– Water balance

– Thirst

– Food movement through GIT

– Thermoregulation

– sleep

59
Q

What is the Infundibulum?

A

stalk of the hypothalamus: connects to the pituitary gland

60
Q

What is the brain stem / functions?

A
  • the central trunk of the mammalian brain consisting of:
    1) midbrain
    2) pons
    3) medulla oblongata
  • continues downward to form the spinal cord
  • Function:
    1) Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival
    2) Provides the pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain centres
61
Q

What is the midbrain/ functions?

A
  • Located between the diencephalon and the pons
  • Function: Reflex center for head and eye movements in response to sight and sounds
62
Q

What are pons/ functions?

A
  • Bulging brain stem region between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata
  • Functions:
    1) Also forms bridge between cerebellum and brain stem
    2) All sensory and motor fibres pass through the pons
    3) Pneumotaxic centre regulates respiration
63
Q

What is the medula oblongata/ functions?

A
  • Most inferior part of the brain stem

Functions:

1) Cardiac centre – regulates heart rate
2) Respiratory centre- regulates rate and depth of breathing
3) Vasomotor centre – regulates blood pressure
4) Regulates swallowing, sneezing, vomiting

64
Q

What is the cerebellum/ functions?

A
  • the part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates
  • Functions:
    1) Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction
    2) Maintains posture
    3) Maintains equilibrium using sensory input from inner ear
65
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A
  • a series of 31 segments, each giving rise to a pair of spinal nerves
  • Begins at occipital bone and ends at vertebral disc between first and second lumbar vertebrae (bottom of ribs)
  • Nerves for lower lumbar area and below, arise from end of spinal cord and make up the “cauda equina”
66
Q

What are the functions of thr spinal cord?

A
  • Provides a two way conduction pathway to and from the brain
  • Conveys sensory impulses from the periphery to the brain, and conducts motor impulses from the brain to the periphery
  • Provides a means of integrating reflexes **photo**
67
Q

How does a reflex arc work?

A

1) Sensory receptor
2) Sensory neuron
3) Integrating centre
4) Motor neuron
5) Effrector

68
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A
  • Fast, automatic, unplanned sequence of actions in response to a stimulus
  • A stereotyped response to a stimulus
  • Important defense mechanism (Brain not involved immediately)
69
Q

what is a somatic reflex?

A

If the effector is a skeletal muscle

70
Q

what is an autonomic (visceral) reflex?

A

if the effector is a smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or gland

71
Q

What are the 5 types of receptors?

A

1) mechanoreceptors
2) Chemoreceptors
3) Thermoreceptors
4) Photoreceptors
5) Nociceptors (pain receptors)

72
Q

What are the functions of mechanoreceptors?

A
  • detect stimuli related to touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, hearing, equilibrium, and blood pressure
73
Q

What are the functions of chemoreceptors?

A
  • have the ability to sense chemicals, whether this is taste in the mouth, smell in the nose, or chemicals in body fluids
74
Q

What is the function of thermoreceptors?

A
  • Detects changes in tempurature
75
Q

Function of photoreceptors

A
  • detect light on the retina of the eye
76
Q

Function of nociceptors

A
  • detect pain, usually as a result of physical or chemical damage to tissues
77
Q

What are cutaneous sensors?

A

sensory receptor found in the dermis or epidermis

78
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

a sensory receptor that responds to position and movement

79
Q

What does olfactory receptors consist of?

A

1) Olfactory cells
2) Bipolar neurons with elongated axons and dendrites
3) Olfactory hairs on dendrite
4) Hairs extend into mucous

80
Q

Olfactory receptor facts

A
  • stimuli must be volatile as well as water and fat soluble
  • Supporting cells
  • Columnar epithelial cells of mucous membrane
81
Q

What does olfactory mean?

A
  • Nerve synapses with bulb. Tract ends up in olfactory area in temporal lobe of the cortex
82
Q

What is the pathway of olfactory impulses from receptors to the cerebrum?

A

1) Axons of olfactory receptor cells unite in bundles to form olfactory nerves
2) Synapse with olfactory bulb neurons inside olfactory bulbs
3) Axons of olfactory bulb neurons unite to form olfactory tract, which goes to the olfactory cortex in temporal lobe
4) The only sensory information that does not go through thalamus

83
Q

What is Hyposmia/

A

The reduced ability to smell

  • Free nerve endings of olfactory cells in nasal mucosa are damaged over time

– About 1% of olfactory hairs lost per year

– Hyposmia affects 50% of those over 65, and 75% of those over 80.

– Can also result from injury, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease, drugs and smoking

84
Q

Where are Gustatory receptors located?

A

located in taste buds on tongue, soft palate and pharynx

85
Q

Where are taste buds located?

A

in elevated papillae.

  • The taste buds, themselves, consist of many supporting cells surrounding 4 – 20 gustatory cells
86
Q

Describe the sense of taste with respect to the structure of gustatory receptors

A
  • Each gustatory cell has a single long microvillus projecting through a taste pore
  • Sodium ions enter via sodium channels, causing depolarization (salty)
  • Hydrogen ions enter via hydrogen channels, causing depolarization (sour)
  • Chemicals that cause sweet, bitter and umami tastes fit into receptors, that then cause depolarization
  • Taste impulses travel to medulla, then to thalamus, then to parietal lobe.
  • The pattern of reception of the five different tastes create the sensation of many different tastes
  • Taste buds are specialized for one taste, but are spread evenly over buccal surface
87
Q

What are the besic taste sensations?

A

1) Sour
2) Sweet
3) Salty
4) Bitter
5) Umami

88
Q

Autonomic nervous system facts / function

A
  • Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (AKA chart with father/son on dock)
  • Many organs receive efferent neurons from both these divisions
  • divisions are often antagonistic
  • Hypothalamus – control centre
89
Q

What is genrally different with sympathetic and parasymathetic divisions?

A

Neurotransmitters secreted by nerve ending

BIOL 1109 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions