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MEDSCI 202 Second half > Lecture 18 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Flashcards

1
Q

What is otitis media?

A

When the inner and middle ear become infected with respiratory vriuses leading to bulging of the ear drum

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2
Q

What is the appearance and purpose of respiratory epithelium?

A

Ciliated to sweep mucus containg pathogens out of the respiratory tract and into the GI tract where it can be destroyed by the low pH of the stomach

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3
Q

How is the size of droplets produced by coughing important?

A

Small droplets will remain in the air for a long time and may penetrate right down to the alveoli meaning that they can cause infection in upper and lower airways while large droplets will settle faster and be deposited in the upper airways causing infection there

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4
Q

What are the recognition molecules for three types of respiratory virus?

A

Influenza Virus: Sialic acid
Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Herapin-like glycosaminoglycan
Rhinovirus: Intracellular adhesion molecule 1

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5
Q

What is the relevance of the receptor molecules for respiratory viruses?

A

They can provide drug targets

Distribution of receptors on the airways differs and can modify where the virus can cause infection

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6
Q

What causes damage in the pathogenesis of the influenza virus?

A

The budding out of the newly made virus particles in the cell can damage the cell leading to loss of function and thickening of airways

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7
Q

How can damage to the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract cause damage?

A

The loss of normal respiratory epithelium can lead to mucous build up as the cilia are unable to sweep the mucus away
The presence of necrotic material increases the viscosity of the mucous
Tissues swell potentially obstructing airways

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8
Q

Why are respiratory illness’ more severe in infants and elderly?

A

Young children have small airways making them susceptible to blocking
Elderly people often have airways which already contain much damage

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9
Q

How many colds will children and adults experience each year on average?

A

4/year for adults and 8/year for children

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10
Q

How common is influenza?

A

15%/year

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11
Q

How common is bronchioltits due to RSV?

A

1-2% In children aged 1-3 years

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12
Q

What is the frequency of Upper respiratory illness compared to to other ailments?

A

5.5%

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13
Q

What is the frequency of Acute Bronchitis compared to other ailments?

A

5.4%

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14
Q

What is the frequency of Otitis media compared to other ailments

A

4.9%

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15
Q

What is the frequency of tonsilitis compared to other ailments?

A

3.9%

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16
Q

What are the bacteria which are the common cause of respiratory illnesses?

A

S.Pneumonia
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella Catarrhalis
S.Pyogenes

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17
Q

What are the viruses that are the common causes of respiratory illnesses?

A

Rhinovirus
Coronaviruses
Respiratory Syncitial Virus
Inflenza Virus

18
Q

Which infections of the respiratory tract are almost always due to viruses?

A

Colds
Bronchitis
Pharyngitis
Influenza

19
Q

What are the structural features of the influenza virus?

A

Segmented genome of 8 RNA molecules

Surface proteins Neuraminidase, Haemagluttinin

20
Q

What is the role of Haemagluttinin in influenza?

A

Binding to sialic acid to allow for cell invasion

21
Q

What is the role of Neuraminidase in influenza?

A

To cleave the link between sialic acid and the virus to free it so it can go and infect other cells, this activity can be impaired by tamiflu as it is a neuraminidase inhibitor

22
Q

What is the most well known influenza pandemic and is it the first pandemic?

A

The pandemic of 1918-19 is the most famous however there have been pandemics of influenza since the 17/16 hundreds
1918/19 was significantly large
1918/19 virus regarded as first virus there fore its haemagluttinin and Neuraminidase are typed as class one

23
Q

Why was the pandemic of 1918/19 so bad?

A

It introduced a new strain of influenza, where people did not have antibodies to haemagluttinin 1

24
Q

How many types of the surface proteins of influenza exist?

A

Neuraminidase types 1-9

Haemagluttinin types 1-16

25
Q

What are the two causes of genetic change in the influenza virus?

A

Drift which is a gradual accumuluation of mutations resulting in only minor changes
Shift which is an abrupt reassortment of genes resulting in major changes

26
Q

What was the incidence of influenza in Maori in the 1918/19 epidemic?

A

10% In Maori men 30-40

5% in Maori Women 30-40

27
Q

How long does influenza illness last?

A

5-6 Days with 3-4 days of bedrest, morbidity and mortality typically only seen in the very old or young
Illness is experienced approximately every 7 years

28
Q

What are the striking features of influenza?

A

Abrupt onset, fever, chills, headaches, myalgia, malaise

Dry cough, pharyngeal pain, nasal discharge, recovery with immunity

29
Q

What is myalgia?

A

Muscle aches

30
Q

What is malaise?

A

Feeling unwell

31
Q

How is influenza diagnosed?

A

Typically just the clinical symptoms are used, however serological tests, PCR looking for influenza genome, cell cultures

32
Q

How soon do antibodies to influenza appear?

A

10-14 Days if a new infection

33
Q

What are the two treatments for influenza?

A

Oseltamivir or tamiflu and a annual vaccine which anticipates drift in current strains (70-80% Effective)

34
Q

What are the key features of respiratory syncytial virus?

A

RNA virus similar to meales and mumps
Adjacent infected cells will merge to form a syncytia
60% of children will be infected in their 1st year while 100% have been infected by their 3rd year

35
Q

Where does RSV affect?

A

Any part of the airway and the middle ear

36
Q

What illness is caused by RSV?

A

Bronchiolitis (croup) is the most common disease where the child becomes wheezy and breathless for the first few days as the inflammation of the bronchioles increases the resistance to airflow

37
Q

How is Bronchiolitis treated?

A

Corticosteroid therapy can have some benefits, otherwise there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment

38
Q

What family of rhinoviruses cause and what disease do they typically cause?

A

Picornaviruses which cause colds

39
Q

What are the features of rhinoviruses?

A

Very small RNA virus
99 Serotypes
Replicates best at temperatures in upper airways not lower airways

40
Q

What is the epidemiology of rhinoviruses?

A

Transmitted by respiratory droplets and contaminated surfaces
Incubation period of 1-4 days
Infection of nose and sinuses
Nasal mucous, sneezing, cough, sore throat, minor fever, muscle aches
Recovery takes 1-2 weeks

41
Q

How does an individual recover from rhinovirus infection?

A

Recovery with long lasting immunity to that serotype
Symptomatic treatment
No effective antiviral treatment
No effective vaccine

MEDSCI 202 Second half (14 decks)

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