AOS 2: Memory

Question 0

Working memory

Answer 0

Contains items that have entered STM from sensory memory as well as information retrieved from LTM.

Question 1

Multi-Store Model

Answer 1

• Atkinson & Shifrin (1968)
• Brief and fleeting sensory memory
• Slightly longer lasting short term memory
• Long term memory that is unlimited in capacity and duration

Question 2

Levels of processing model

Answer 2

Craik & Lockhart (1972)

Memory is a continuous dimension related to depth of encoding - more elaborate encoding the easier it is to recall

Question 3

Processes of Memory

Answer 3

Encoding - putting information into a form which will allow it to fit in with your storage system
Storage - keeping information sometpwhere in the brain for later use
Retrieval - getting information back from memory so we can use it

Question 4

Sensory memory

Answer 4

• Very brief memory store
• Relates to memory within our sense organs
• Has unlimited capacity but only brief duration.
• Act like filters for information overload
• Enters this register then enters STM only if interesting or relevant
• Iconic memory (visual) - duration of 0.3 seconds
• Echoic memory (auditory) - duration of 3-4 seconds

Question 5

Short term memory (STM)

Answer 5

• Limited store of actively conscious memory
• Can use information from both LTM & Sensory memory
• duration of 12-30 seconds
• capacity of 5-9 pieces of information
• new information displaces old
• Information is then transferred to LTM

Question 6

Long term memory (LTM)

Answer 6

• Store of information that is virtually limitless in capacity and duration
• Needs retrieval to bring it back to conscious awareness
• Information encoded in semantic networks
• Difficult to determine exact capacity and duration

Question 7

Chunking

Answer 7

• Grouping together of items to make them more easily remembered
• Example: phone number - xxxx xxx xxx
• Increase STM capacity

Question 8

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 8

• repeating information over and over again to retain it in STM
• Increases duration of STM
• Stops interference in STM - occurs when new information displaces old

Question 9

Elaborating Rehearsal

Answer 9

• Give meaning to information stored in LTM and link it to other information
• SALIENCE - learning new information be personal relevance helps
• mnemonic devices

Question 10

Forgetting

Answer 10

Retrieval failure, memory stored but inaccessible due to poor retrieval cues

Question 11

Tip of the tongue

Answer 11

Partial retrieval of information: cues assist to aid full retrieval

Question 12

Interference theory

Answer 12

Proactive: old information interferes with retrieving new information
Retroactive: new info interferes with old info

Question 13

Motivated forgetting

Answer 13

Repression: involuntary exclusion of memories from consciousness
Suppression: voluntary exclusion

Question 14

Decay

Answer 14

Memory trace; if not deactivated, weakens with time

Question 15

Recall

Answer 15

Free recall - retrieving without prompts
Cued recall - retrieving with prompts
Serial recall - in the same order as learned

Question 16

Recognition

Answer 16

Selected from a larger set

Question 17

Relearning

Answer 17

Savings method

Original time - relearning time/relearning time x100

Question 18

Context dependent cues

Answer 18

Recall better in same environment where memory was formed

Question 19

State-dependent cues

Answer 19

Recall better if in same psychological/physiological state as when memory was formed

Question 20

Mnemonics

Answer 20

Strategies to improve memory retrieval through cuing

Question 21

Acronyms

Answer 21

First letters or elements of items to be remembered used as pronounceable words

Question 22

Acrostics

Answer 22

First letters of items used in phrases with the same first letters

Question 23

Narrative chaining

Answer 23

Linking items to be remembered in a sentence or story line

Question 24

Eye witness memory

Answer 24

Later info may be included and recalled as if it were part of the original memory

Question 25

Hippocampus

Answer 25

In temporal lobe, increased size with memory. Holds LTMs. Affected by neurone generative diseases

Question 26

Amygdala

Answer 26

In medial temporal lobe, modulates memory with emotional arousal

Question 27

Temporal lobe

Answer 27

Important for new LTMs, particularly episodic and verbal memories

Question 28

Memory decline with age

Answer 28

Affects episodic more than semantic, and poorer for source memories

Question 29

Dementia

Answer 29

Loss of cognitive ability and memory

Question 30

Serial position effect

Answer 30

Primacy - info rehearsed and held in LTM

Recency - material still held in STM

Question 31

Semantic network theory

Answer 31

Info grouped by meaning in hierarchy; closer and stronger links exist between closely related nodes