PCE: penalties

Question 1

penalty kick research

Answer 1

~25% of PK’s are missed! (Kuhn, 1988; Jordet, 2009)

England and Holland worst performers (Jordet, 2009)

PK’s have increasing importance in modern football (Yiannakos & Armatas, 2006)

Most ‘attention’ research on this skill has been done from the goalkeeper’s perspective (see Savelsbergh et al., 2005).

Question 2

penalties

Answer 2

74.2% probability of scoring a goal while the goalkeeper can save the ball only in about 18.8% of cases (Dohmen, 2008).

The ball travels at speeds from 50 to 100 km/h and thus crosses the goal line after an average of 600 ms after the ball was hit (Franks & Hanvey, 1997).

goalkeepers seem to use predictive cues to anticipate where the penalty might go

(Note they probably use probability too / and understanding past data from each taker

similar in ice-hockey - see research by Panchuk

Question 3

Savelsbergh et al. (2002)

Answer 3

experts better than novices

easier to determine side than height

experts responded slower

experts have longer fixations

number of places looked less

number of fixations made is less

experts look at head and ball for longer than novices

novices spend more time looking at arm, trunk, hips

experts pay more attention to the kicking leg, the non-kicking leg, and the ball, whereas novices fixate on the torso, arm and hip region

part of the skill-dependent diffs in prediction accuracy might potentially be explained by diffs in eye movement behav

Question 4

criticism of occlusion research

Answer 4

not representative

change movement = change in findings

Question 5

search rate

Answer 5

watch video simulation

verbal response

movement response

in situ situation - verbal

situ - motor response

intercept ball

Question 6

Dicks et al. (2010)

Answer 6

gaze behaviour in football

Even over time there were differences in what was fixated depending on task demands.

We may have to be careful about what we ‘read into’ research using film (??)

more time looking at ball when intercept

Question 7

phd Qs

Answer 7

Previous research (Kuhn, 1998) has suggested that up to 70% of penalty kicks are shot with the shooter focusing on the ‘keeper!

They don’t look to where they are shooting!!!!

Question 8

gaze behav and shooting strats in football PKs - implications of a ‘keeper-dependent approach’

Answer 8

(Wood and Wilson, 2010)

better shooters used a target-focused approach more freq while poorer shooters used ‘goalkeeper-focused’ strat

KD less accurate

look at target = more accurate

best focus more on KI and OI

look where shooting to be most accurate

Question 9

Wood and Wilson (2010) results

Answer 9

KI strategy (22%) look where they aiming.

KD strategy (52%) look centrally and try to hit corner.

OI strategy (26%) look one way and shoot to the other.

But KD was significantly LESS accurate!!!

Question 10

aiming to deceive - examining the role of the QE during deceptive aiming actions - conclusions

Answer 10

Failure to look where you intend to shoot disrupts shooting accuracy.

Despite this players tend to rely on the sub-optimal Keeper-dependent strategy.

it could be argued that if the player watches the goalkeeper dive in one direction then they can shoot a shot in the opposite direction without the need for accuracy! However…..

Question 11

exploring the merits of perceptual anticipation in the soccer penalty kick

Answer 11

van der Kamp (2011)

it is argued that penalty takers should select a target location in advance of the run-up to the ball and disregard the GKs actions

don’t add extra level of complexity

Question 12

anecdotal evidence

Answer 12

Dimitar Berbatov (2009) after missing his penalty in the shoot out

‘I was looking for the goalkeeper and in the last moment he took the angle I was going for, so he saved it’

Question 13

performing under pressure - what can we learn from football PKs?

Answer 13

neutral conditions - 85%

threat conditions - playing to lose - 62%

challenge conditions - playing to win - 92%

Question 14

attentional control theory

Answer 14

The most general assumption of ACT is that worry increases the allocation of attentional resources to the detection of threat-related stimuli in anxiety- inducing situations (Eysenck et al., 2007).

The authors attribute this impairment of attentional control to a disruption in the balance of two attentional systems: a goal-directed (top–down) and a stimulus–driven (bottom-up) attentional system (Corbetta & Shulman, 2002).

anxiety makes us more focused on stimulus driven system

anxiety disrupts the efficient recruitment of top-down cortical processes by enhancing the effect of stimulus-driven processes

Anxiety makes us hyper-distractible (internal and external)

anxiety makes us look for threats and focus on threats

Question 15

control of goal-directed and stim-driven attention in the brain

Answer 15

diagram

Question 16

anx and attention

Answer 16

In penalty kicks the only threatening stimuli in the environment is the goalkeeper. The goalkeeper’s actions are the principal source of uncertainty bearing on the shooter’s success in achieving his or her goal, in what would otherwise be a straightforward aiming task.

Question 17

anx, attentional control, and perf impairment in PKs

Answer 17

(Wilson, Wood and Vine, 2009)

disruption in gaze behav brought about sig reductions in shooting accuracy

anx causes gaze to centralise

Question 18

anx, attentional control, and perf impairment in PKs conclusions

Answer 18

Experienced players looked at the goalkeeper significantly earlier, more often and for longer periods when anxious, with these changes in attentional control negatively influencing resultant shot placement. These results are supportive of anxious individuals having an attentional bias toward threatening stimuli.

Question 19

a moving GK distracts penalty takers and impairs shooting accuracy

Answer 19

(Wood and Wilson, 2010)

18 footballers

5 penalties in counterbalanced low and high threat conditions

Kicks 2 and 4 GK moved

slides for diagrams

Question 20

a moving GK distracts penalty takers and impairs shooting accuracy - conclusions

Answer 20

From a goal keeper’s perspective, attempting to distract penalty takers may increase the likelihood of saving a subsequent shot by impairing aiming.

Coaches may wish to explore the utility of directing a kicker’s attention to target focused information. Performance routines incorporating gaze-based elements may help to maintain effective attentional control while resisting threat-related distracters.

Question 21

QE training for soccer penalty kicks

Answer 21

(Wood and Wilson, 2011)

20 Participants – 2 groups

Week 1: Baseline (5 shots)

Weeks 2-4: Training (10 shots each week)

Week 5: Retention (5 shots)

Week 6: Rest

Week 7: shootout (1 shot) – new GK (£100)

Control Group – Practice

QE Group – Hit targets (number 1 / 2) plus feedforward / feedback gaze videos

more accurate shots with QE

Question 22

control

Answer 22

The perception of one’s capacities to be able to cope and attain goals under stress (Skinner, 1996)

Question 23

aiming to deceive - examining the role of the QE during deceptive aiming actions

Answer 23

Wood et al. (2017)

1 - unconstrained shots

2 - no GK

3 - manipulated GKs location