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A Level Biology > Respiration Key Terms and Processes > Flashcards

Respiration Key Terms and Processes Flashcards

Content Revison

1
Q

What is Cellular Respiration?

A

A biochemical reaction in which cells convert sugar to CO2 and H2O

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2
Q

Autotrophic Nutrition

A

The synthesis of organic materials from inorganic sources

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3
Q

Heterotrophic Nutrition

A

The nutrition in which organisms ingest other organisms to obtain organic material

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4
Q

Energy is used in…

A
  • synthesis of complex structures
  • active transport
  • locomotion
  • bio luminescence
  • homeostasis
  • production of electricity
  • maintenance, repair and division
  • activation of chemicals
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5
Q

The Conservation of Energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can only be converted from one form to another.
Units are joules/kilo joules

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6
Q

Metabolism

A

All reactions that take place within an organism

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7
Q

Anabolism

A

Build up of larger, more complex molecules from smaller, more simple ones

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8
Q

Catabolism

A

The breakdown of larger more complex molecules into smaller, more simpler ones

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9
Q

ATP stands for…

A

AdenosineTriPhosphate

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10
Q

What does ATP consist of?

A

ATP is a nucleotide that consists of three main structures: the nitrogenous base, adenine; the sugar, ribose; and a chain of three phosphate groups bound to ribose.

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11
Q

How much energy is released when:

ATP + H2O?

A

30.6kJmol-1

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12
Q

How much energy released when:

ADP + H2O?

A

30.6kJmol-1

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13
Q

How much energy released when:

AMP + H2O?

A

14.2kJmol-1

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14
Q

Why is ATP described as universal energy currency?

A
  • it is hydrolysed energy, which means it is easily and immediately available to the cell in small manageable amounts
  • it is continually hydrolysed and resynthesised
  • it is found in all living organisms
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15
Q

Describe the Mitochondria

A
  • it is a double membraned organelle
  • outer memrane is smooth
  • inner membrane is folded into cristae
  • matrix is a mixture of gel-like mixture of protein/lipid/DNA/ribosomes/coenzymes
  • allows volatile reactions of aerobic respiration to be compartmentalised form the rest of the cell
  • contains Kreb’s cycle’s enzymes
  • found in all respiring organisms
  • 1 micrometer in diameter
  • 10 micrometers in length
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16
Q

Describe the inner membrane

A
  • different lipid composition to outer membrane
  • impermeable to small ions
  • folded
  • has electron carriers and ATP synthase enzymes embedded
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17
Q

Describe the matrix

A
  • site of the link reaction
  • NAD/FAD
  • oxaloacetate
  • mitochondrial DNA
  • ribosomes
  • co enzyme A
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18
Q

Describe NAD

A
  • nicotamine adenine dinucleotide
  • reduced when two hydrogens with their electrons are accepted
  • present in glycolysis, link reaction and Kreb’s cycle
19
Q

Describe FAD

A
  • flavin adenine dinucleotide
  • transfers one or two electrons or hydrogen atoms
  • strong oxidising agent
    reduced in the Kreb’s cycle
20
Q

Describe Co enzyme A

A
  • derived from vitamin B
  • used in link reaction to transfer products of glycolysis into the mitochondria
  • carries ethanoate groups made by oxidation during the link reaction and Kreb’s cycle
21
Q

Glycolysis occurs in the…

A

…cytoplasm of the cell

22
Q

For each glucose molecule entering the reaction…

A
  • 2 molecules of ATP are used
  • 4 molecules of ATP are produced
    (net gain : 2 ATPs)
  • 2 molecules of reduced NAD are produced
  • 2 pyruvates are produced
23
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Where ATP is formed directly using energy released from the oxidation of the substrate

24
Q

Describe Glycolysis

A
  • phosphorylation of glucose
  • so forming hexose (1,6) bisphosphate
  • then splitting into 2 triose phosphates
  • for the formation of pyruvate, the formation of reduced NAD
  • pyruvate produced from triose phosphate
  • total production 4 ATP, net production of 2 ATP
25
Q

Approximately how much chemical energy does glycolysis release?

A

Glycolysis releases less than 25% of the chemical energy stored in glucose

26
Q

Describe the Link Reaction

A
  • pyruvate dehydrogenase removes hydrogen atoms from pyruvate
  • these hydrogen atoms are accepted by NAD+ to produce reduced NAD
  • pyruvate decarboxylase removes a carboxyl group, CO2 is formed
  • CoA accepts acetate to form Acetyl CoA, which carries acetate into the Kreb’s cycle
  • pyruvate is oxidised, NAD+ is reduced
  • 2 x pyruvate, 2 x NAD+, 2 x CoA, 2 x CO2, 2 x reduced NAD, 2 x Acetyl CoA
27
Q

The link reaction occurs in…

A

…the mitochondrial matrix

28
Q

The Kreb’s cycle takes place in…

A

…the mitochondrial matrix

29
Q

Does the Kreb’s cycle require oxygen?

A

it doesn’t require oxygen, but it cannot take place without it, ∴ it is aerobic

30
Q

Respiratory substrates such as____ and ____ can enter aerobic respiration at the beginning of the Kreb’s cycle.

A
  • fatty acids (broken down to acetates via CoA)

- amino acids (deaminated/changed to acetate/ pyruvate)

31
Q

The Kreb’s cycle is the oxidation of ____ to ____

A

Acetate to CO2

32
Q

Per acetate :

A
  • 2 x CO2
  • 1 x ATP
  • 3 x reduced NAD
  • 1 x reduced FAD
33
Q

What is the Kreb’s cycle?

A

It is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidization of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide.

34
Q

The Krebs Cycle serves as what?

A

A central metabolic pathway for generating building blocks for the cell.

35
Q

Where does citric acid come from?

A

When Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle it combines with a four-carbon acid called oxaloacetic acid. The combination forms the six-carbon acid called citric acid.

36
Q

The metabolic pathway of the citric acid cycle chemically converts what to what?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide, and converts water into serviceable energy.

37
Q

In one concise sentence describe what happens in the Krebs cycle

A
  • the citric acid cycle completed the oxidation of organic molecules generating many reduced NAD/FADH2 molecules
  • acetyl group joins with oxaolacetate groups to form citrate which is then transformed (redox reaction) create electron carriers, and a byproduct of ATP
38
Q

How much ATP is produced per molecule of pyruvate?

A

One molecule of ATP

39
Q

How much ATP per molecule of glucose?

A

2 ATP s per glucose

40
Q

Products of the Kreb’s cycle? (two turns)

A
  • 6 reduced NAD
  • 2 reduced FAD
  • 4 CO2
  • 2 ATP
41
Q

What is the first stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • reduced NAD and FAD are reoxidised when they donate the hydrogen, its then plait into protons and electrons
  • electrons are accepted by the electron carriers
  • protons go into solution in the matrix
42
Q

What is the second stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • electrons are passed along a chaiun of carriers, energy is released and is used to pump protons into the intermembrane space
  • an electrochemical gradient starts to build up
  • protons diffuse through ion channels associated with ATP synthase
43
Q

What is stage three of oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • as protons flow through ATP synthase, the ezyme begins to rotate at the point
  • ADP and an inorganic phosphate is joined together
  • electrons and protons (hydrogen cations) combine with oxygen to form water

A Level Biology (13 decks)

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