Exam 4: Key Terms & Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

predictors of coagulopathy in trauma patients

A

factors include age, injury severity score, systolic blood pressure, PRBC, pH, and temperature.
o ISS >25 = 70% coagulopathy
o SBP <34°C = 59% coagulopathy

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2
Q

carotid endarterectomy—-mortality rate for GA vs RA

A

about the same: GA = 4.8%, RA = 4.5%

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3
Q

hypothermia- physiological alterations

A
  • depressed myocardial function/dysrhythmias
  • increased hgb-oxygen affinity
  • decreased hepatic metabolism of citrate (leads to citrate toxicity)
  • increased wound infections/postop infections
  • inhibition of platelet function/coagulation cascade ((hypothermia does NOT decrease clotting factor levels Fibrinolysis is stimulated when patient is hypothermic.))
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4
Q

aortic dissection- pathophysiology

A

splitting of the intima from the adventitia along the length of the vessel.
o Type A—proximal dissection involving the ascending aorta. 2/3 of dissections. High risk of extrusion into coronary and arch vessels
o Type B—distal dissection confined to thoracic and abdominal aorta. 1/3 of dissections.

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5
Q

causes of heat loss under anesthesia

A
  • Altered responses to heat loss due to anesthesia (e.g. lack of shivering)
  • environment exposure
  • Cooling effect of anesthetic gases and intravenous fluids
  • Reduced heat production due to reduced metabolic activity
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6
Q

aortic surgery, hypotension after cross clamp

A

Cross-clamping—increases afterload above the clamp (HTN), and causes hypotension below the clamp (buildup of anaerobic metaolites so when the clamp is released pt will get hypotensive everywhere—have volume load ready and uppers).

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7
Q

gastric contents, pH and pulmonary injury

A

lower the pH, greater chance of injury upon aspiration.

ALL trauma patients treated as FULL stomach

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8
Q

appropriate uses of sux in trauma pts

A

succinylcholine is the RSI relaxant of choice. It can still be used safely in open eye injuries, increased ICP pts (risk/benefit ratio), BURNS, spinal cord injury, massive trauma, crush injury→ do no use 24 hours after injury (not even 6-8 hours after injury) because of the risk of hyperkalemia.

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9
Q

hypertensive crisis

A

severe elevation in BP. Usually results from an acute hemodynamic event superimposed on a chronic hypertensive patient. Requires immediate treatment to decrease BP.
EFFECTS OF HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS—hypertensive crisis may cause:
o Hypertensive encephalopathy—headache, blurred vision, mental changes
o Papilledema—swelling of the optic disc due to increased ICP.
o Angina—due to increased afterload→ LVH→ increased oxygen demand.

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10
Q

stages of htn

A
  • Prehypertension (120-139/80-89)→ lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, decrease Na+ intake).
  • Stage 1 HTN (140-159/90-99)→ usually 1 drug
  • Stage 2 HTN (>160/>100)→ combination drug therapy
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11
Q

body temp and MAC value

A

HYPOthermia – decreases MAC
HYPERthermia – increases MAC

Think metabolism

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12
Q

glascow coma scale

A

neurological scale that is a way of recording the conscious state of a person for initial as well as subsequent assessment. A patient is assessed against the criteria of the scale, and the resulting points give a patient score between 3 (indicating deep unconsciousness) and 15.
< 8 = pt gets a tube

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13
Q

coagulopathy with massive transfusions

A

massive transfusion leads to clotting factor deficiencies, which lead to progressive systemic coagulopathy, which then lead to more blood loss.
• Trauma treatment of coagulopathy = correct hypoperfusion, shock and hypothermia; “shotgun” approach = give everything (CF, FFP, plts, cryo, ect).

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14
Q

pulmonary vascular resistance – definition and calculation

A

The resistance offered by the vasculature of the lungs.

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance = ( 80 * (PAP - LAP) / C.O )

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15
Q

drugs affecting LES tone

LES = lower esophageal sphincter

A
Decrease = benzos, gases
Increase = Reglan*, Neostigmine, Succ
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16
Q

define hypothermia

A

core body temp <35*C

17
Q

risk factors for post-op MI following CEA (carotid endarterectomy)

A
  • angina
  • HTN
  • CHF
  • A-fib
  • > 75 y/o
  • Diabetes
  • renal insuff.
18
Q

what is the most elastic artery?

A

Aorta

19
Q

aortic dissection – pathogenesis

A

degeneration of elastic components of muscular layers predispose to dissection:
- Chronic hypertension, aging, connective tissue disorders, trauma