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Pain and Anxiety for FINALS > Inhalation sedation I > Flashcards

Inhalation sedation I Flashcards

1
Q

What is conscious sedation? (3)

A

A technique in which the use of a drug or drugs produces a state of depression of the CNS enabling treatment to be carried out.
Both verbal contact and protective reflexes are maintained in the patient throughout the period of sedation.
The drugs & techniques used to provide conscious sedation for dental treatment should carry a margin of safety wide enough to render loss of consciousness unlikely.

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2
Q

Demand for sedation (4)

A

Visiting dentist is second most common fear after public speaking (USA 1987)
Child Dental Health Survey 2013
-50% moderately anxious
-10% extremely anxious
‘The control of anxiety and pain is fundamental to the practice of dentistry’ (GDC, 2002)
Deaths at dentist from GA in practice

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3
Q

Sedation techniques (6)

A

Inhalation – nitrous oxide/oxygen, sevoflurane
Intravenous – midazolam, propofol
Transmucosal – midazolam (intranasal, buccal)
Oral – temazepam, diazepam, midazolam, ketamine
Intramuscular - ketamine
Combination of above

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4
Q

Nitrous oxide today (3)

A

Recreational use
‘Hippie crack’ - legal high
Deaths due to hypoxia

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5
Q

Properties of of nitrous oxide (5)

A

Volatile
Denser than air – 1.0:1.5
Least potent - MAC50 is 104
Often used in anaesthesia as carrier/induction gas
Poorly soluble – rapid onset/rapid recovery

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6
Q

Pharmacokinetics of nitrous oxide/ oxygen sedation (6)

A 
Inhaled into lungs with oxygen through nasal mask
Travels down partial pressure gradient 
Alveolus to capillaries
Hardly metabolised – 0.004%
Excreted through lungs
Elimination half-life ~ 5 minutes
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7
Q

Pharmacodynamics of nitrous oxide/ oxygen sedation (4)

A

Analgesic
Anaesthetic
Hypnotic
Anxiolytic - GABA

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8
Q

Stages of anaesthesia (4)

A

1) Analgesia
2) Excitement
3) Surgical analgesia
4) Respiratory paralysis

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9
Q

Stage 1 of anaesthesia - analgesia (3)

A

Plane 1
Moderate sedation & analgesia (5-25% N20)

Plane 2
Dissociation sedation and analgesia (20-55% N20)

Plane 3
Total analgesia (50-70% N20)
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10
Q

Adequate sedation (8)

A 
Awake
Feels relaxed
Suggestive state
Giggling
Verbal responses
Maintaining mouth open
Reduced blink rate
Spontaneous respiration
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11
Q

Over-sedation symptoms (9)

A 
Patient no longer enjoying the effects 
Hysterical laughter, tears
Decreased cooperation
Nausea/vomiting
Mouth closing – repeatedly
Snoring
Incoherent speech
Irrational and sluggish responses
Loss of consciousness
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12
Q

Indications for sedation (7)

A 
Social
-mild anxiety / needle phobias / gagging / fainting
-to enable cannulation
Medical
-conditions aggravated by stress 
-conditions where continuous oxygen delivery is beneficial
-conditions which affect co-operation
Dental
-unpleasant procedures
-avoid GA in medically compromised
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13
Q

Contraindications for sedation (8)

A

Social
-severe anxiety / claustrophobia / no consent / no escort
-lack of understanding
Medical
-blocked nose / URTI / unable to nose-breathe
-recent eye / middle ear / sinus / intracranial surgery
-bleomycin therapy / Myaesthenia Gravis
pregnancy – 1st and 3rd trimesters
Dental
-traumatic procedures / unsuitable for LA alone
-treatment on upper anterior teeth – lip trapped

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14
Q

Safety features/ checks for sedation (4)

A

1) Pin index
2) Scavenging at 40L/minute
3) Nasal mask and tubing
4) Oxygen failsafe
5) Max 70% N20
6) Oxygen flush
7) Air entertainment valve
8) Reservoir bag

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15
Q

N2O / O2 pre-op instructions (5)

A

Light meal
Take routine medicines as usual
Children must be accompanied to and from their appointment by a competent adult
Do not bring other children
Can cause dizziness/ nausea/ headaches at higher doses

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16
Q

Technique

A

Safety checks, consent, check escort
Introduce to child (giggle gas etc.)
Start O2 and turn up flow rate (5-6L/min)
Fit mask and encourage nose breathing
Titrate N2O - 10% per min to 30% and then 5% per min until sedated
Hypnotic suggestion, clinical monitoring
100% O2 minimum of 3 minutes to recover

17
Q

Record keeping for sedation (8)

A 
Consent and escort
Safety checks completed
Second appropriate person (dental nurse)
Mask size
Flow rate
Max dose
Response/ level of co-operation
Recovery time
18
Q

Reducing exposure in sedation - COSHH exposure limits (4)

A

COSHH exposure limits – 100ppm TWA over 8 hours
Active scavenging at 45L/min
-statutory requirement in UK
-at level of nasal hood
Passive scavenging
-floor level extractor fan, opening window
Supplementary high volume aspiration

19
Q

Reducing exposure (4)

A 
Rubber dam
-inconclusive but seems logical
Well fitting mask
Good technique
-reduce mouth breathing / conversation/titrate carefully
Good initial patient assessment
20
Q

Occupational hazards in sedation (7)

A 
Reproductive
Haematological 
Neurological
Also reports
-hepatic disease
-renal disease
-cytotoxicity
-malignancy
21
Q

Reproductive occupational hazards from sedation (3)

A

Miscarriage
-maternal and paternal influences
-twice as likely to miscarry if scavenging not provided
Reduced fertility in dental assistants working unscavenged offices for over 5 hours per week
Possible risk of teratogenesis

22
Q

Haematological hazards from sedation (4)

A

N2O oxidises vitamin B12
Inactivates methionine synthase
Impairs DNA synthesis, affecting haematopoesis
Pernicious anaemia

23
Q

Neurological occupational hazards from sedation (3)

A

Methionine essential for myelin synthesis
Peripheral neuropathy
Spinal cord degeneration/ myelopathy

24
Q

Cumulative effect of occupational hazards from sedation depends upon (4)

A

Pattern of exposure
Tissue sensitivity
Vitamin B12 intake and stores
Extent to which methionine synthase is deactivated

25
Q

Evidence for N2O/ O2 sedation (3)

A

Success (Shaw et al, 1996)
–90% of children aged 4-17 years manage extractions successfully with LA and N2O/O2 sedation
-97% of parents and children satisfied
Time (Wilson et al, 2007) -
-takes an average of 7 mins to reach adequate sedation
Cost (Jameson et al, 2007)
-245.47 per patient for dental care under advanced conscious sedation
-359.91 per patient under GA

26
Q

Advantages of inhalation sedation (6)

A
  • Non-invasive technique
  • Drug level easily altered or discontinued
  • Minimal impairment of reflexes
  • Drug administered and excreted through the lungs so no metabolism and thus rapid recovery
  • No fasting required
  • Some analgesia
27
Q

Disadvantages of inhalation sedation (9)

A
  • Lack of potency of nitrous oxide
  • Expense of equipment
  • Requirement for a clear nasal airway
  • Intrusion of nasal mask into operating field
  • Patient perception of equipment
  • Space occupying equipment
  • Chronic exposure of staff
  • Potential for staff addiction
  • Lack of operator control
28
Q

Suitable patients for inhalation sedation (6)

A
  • Unpleasant treatment
  • Anxious children/Anxious adults
  • Needle phobia
  • Patients who retch easily
  • People with special needs
  • Medically compromised patients
29
Q

Contraindications to inhalation sedation (a lot)

A
  • Respiratory tract obstruction
  • Nasal obstruction
  • Cyanosis at rest due to chronic cardiac or respiratory disease
  • Inability to communicate or co-operate (age, severe learning difficulty)
  • First trimester of pregnancy
  • Acute fear of the GA mask
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Claustrophobia
  • Severe personality disorders
  • Recent ophthalmic surgery using inter-ocular gases
  • Any condition where there is air entrapment in the body eg myringoplasty, head injury, pneumothorax, maxillofacial injury etc
  • Procedures where the mask may interfere with operative work
  • Current medication check BNF eg methotrexate
30
Q

Problems associated with ASA III patients (4)

A
  • Consultation with medical colleagues advised
  • Stable but may deteriorate rapidly
  • Deterioration aggravated by anxiety and stress
  • Diagnosis of deterioration difficult particularly under sedation
31
Q

Properties of an ideal inhalation sedation agent (9)

A
  • Alleviate fear and anxiety
  • Produce a degree of amnesia and analgesia
  • Suppress vomiting reflex, but not protective reflexes
  • Prolong potential operating time
  • Be rapidly effective
  • Be easily eliminated
  • Have no side effects
  • Be safely and easily administered by the operator
  • Require no special precautions or procedures
32
Q

Nitrous oxide systemic effects (10)

A
  • CNS Depression of all senses
  • CVS Slight depression at high concentrations
  • RS Non-irritant, slight increase in minute volume
  • Non allergenic
  • No significant effect on GIT, liver, kidney
  • Increases incidence of spontaneous abortion?
  • Decreases fertility if long exposure?
  • Inhibits action of methionine synthetase for Vitamin B12 production, can cause impaired bone marrow function.
  • Thus can affect DNA production and produce pernicious anaemia like effects
  • Long term exposure leads to peripheral sensory neuropathy
33
Q

Minimum alveolar concentration (5)

A
  • MAC is defined as the minimum alveolar concentration of anaesthetic at 1 atmosphere that produces immobility in 50% of those patients or animals exposed to a noxious stimulus
  • It is a measure of anaesthetic potency
  • MAC is reduced in the elderly and by other sedative agents
  • Nitrous oxide 105% Isoflurane 1.15% Sevoflurane 0.65%
34
Q

Diffusion hypoxia (5)

A
  • Described by Fick 1955
  • Seen in the 10 minutes following cessation of inhalation sedation
  • After administration is terminated, the rapid elimination of nitrous oxide into the lungs dilutes the oxygen within the alveoli and lowers the alveolar oxygen concentration
  • Responsible for most reports of headache, nausea and lethargy post-operatively
  • Prevented by routine administration of 100% oxygen for 3-5 minutes post-operatively
35
Q

Reducing occupational exposure (lots)

A
  • Regular servicing of machine and checking by staff
  • Vent dental suction out of the surgery
  • Minimise leaks from poorly fitting facemasks
  • Check flowmeters are not inadvertently left on,
  • Limit length of appointment
  • Use low concentrations where possible
  • Take regular breaks
  • Use a large room if possible
  • Adequate room ventilation, open windows, fans at floor level
  • Active or passive scavenging to remove pollution at source
  • Encourage the patient not to talk or mouthbreathe
  • Use rubber dam
  • N2O monitors
  • Secure equipment at the end of the day
36
Q

Possible effect of chronic exposure to high levels of nitrous oxide (7)

A
  • Teratogenic effects
  • Increased rate of spontaneous abortion
  • Decreased fertility
  • Increased incidence of hepatic disease/Impairment of renal function
  • Non specific neurological disease
  • Bone marrow dysfunction
  • Anaemia like symptoms
37
Q

Abuse of nitrous oxide (6)

A
  • Used for pleasurable and recreational purposes since 1772
  • Main abusers are professionals with easy access to the drug
  • Always keep a cylinder stock record. 1 nitrous oxide cylinder will be used up for about 2.5 oxygen cylinders
  • Prolonged exposure toxic to rapidly dividing cells
  • Peripheral neuropathy, numbness, pain tingling in extremities, that may be irreversible
  • Although nitrous oxide has been legal in the past, since the Psychoactive Substances Act came into effect on 26 May 2016, it is now illegal to supply or import nitrous oxide for human consumption
38
Q

Safety features - nitrous oxide (lots)

A
  • Used for pleasurable and recreational purposes since 1772
  • Main abusers are professionals with easy access to the drug
  • Always keep a cylinder stock record. 1 nitrous oxide cylinder will be used up for about 2.5 oxygen cylinders
  • Prolonged exposure toxic to rapidly dividing cells
  • Peripheral neuropathy, numbness, pain tingling in extremities, that may be irreversible
  • Although nitrous oxide has been legal in the past, since the Psychoactive Substances Act came into effect on 26 May 2016, it is now illegal to supply or import nitrous oxide for human consumption

Pain and Anxiety for FINALS (7 decks)

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