Cell and Cell Signaling

Question 1

What is the study of the structure and function of cells?

Answer 1

cytology

Question 2

What are the three things every cell has in common?

Answer 2

metabolic functions, responds to its environment, capable of maintaining homeostasis

Question 3

What does the cytosol contain?

Answer 3

most water, carbohydrates, atp

Question 4

What are the main components of the nucleus?

Answer 4

nuclear membrane, chromatin, the nucleolus, nuclear matrix (nucleoplasm)

Question 5

Where is the site of RNA transcription?

Answer 5

nucleolus

Question 6

What are sacs of powerful digestive enzymes used to dissolve an old organelle?

Answer 6

lysosomes

Question 7

What are the 5 phases of cell division (mitosis)?

Answer 7

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 8

What are the steps of cell signalling?

Answer 8

signal molecule -> receptor -> transduction pathway -> reponse

Question 9

What are the three types of local signalling?

Answer 9

paracrine, synaptic, contact

Question 10

What is the long-distance signalling?

Answer 10

endocrine

Question 11

What molecules can act as chemical signals?

Answer 11

hormones (epi, histamine), proteins (insulin), steroids (cortisol), and eicosanoids (PGs)

Question 12

How is the specificity of cell signalling described as?

Answer 12

lock and keyh

Question 13

What is cell cross-talk?

Answer 13

instances in which one or more components of one signal transduction pathway affects another

Question 14

What are the steps in a signal cascade?

Answer 14

relay, amplification, divergence

Question 15

What is the size of a red blood cell

Answer 15

7.2 um

Question 16

What is the cytoplasm comprised of?

Answer 16

a fluid matrix, a cytoskeleton, various membrane-bound organelles

Question 17

Which protein fiber of the cytoskeleton allows for passage of substances and maintain cell shape?

Answer 17

microtubules

Question 18

What is the main role of intermediate filaments?

Answer 18

resist external stresses on the cytoplasm

Question 19

What is the role of microfilaments?

Answer 19

move organelles within the cell and cell movement, endocytosis

Question 20

What is the only site of protein synthesis?

Answer 20

ribosome

Question 21

What is the intercellular highway?

Answer 21

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 22

Which part of the cell is essential for muscle contraction?

Answer 22

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 23

In which cells is the Golgi apparatus more prominent?

Answer 23

goblet cells

Question 24

What produces lysosomes?

Answer 24

Golgi apparatus

Question 25

What are the three types of target proteins?

Answer 25

metabolic enzymes, gene regulatory protein, cytoskeletal

Question 26

Do hormones act for a short period or have prolonged effects?

Answer 26

prolonged effects

Question 27

What are the two types of hormones?

Answer 27

amino-acid based and steroid

Question 28

What are some behaviors that signal molecules can control?

Answer 28

survival, divide, differentiate, die

Question 29

What occurs when one signal can modify the response to another signal due to to interactions between pathways?

Answer 29

cross-talk

Question 30

What is the intracellular receptor that binds to nitric oxide?

Answer 30

guanylate cyclase

Question 31

What does cortisol activate?

Answer 31

a gene regulatory protein

Question 32

What are the three main classes of cell surface receptors?

Answer 32

ion channel linked receptors, G-protein linked receptors, enzyme-linked receptors