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Module 7 > Hock & Distal Limb Muscles > Flashcards

Hock & Distal Limb Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

what type of bones are in the tarsus

A

tarsal bones

short bones

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2
Q

what bones are in the proximal, middle, distal row of the tarsus

A

proximal: talus, calcaneus - palpable

middle row: central & 4th TBs

distal row: 1, 2, 3 & 4 TBs (4th TB bridges middle and distal rows)

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3
Q

which tarsal bones are fused in the horse

A

1 and 2

3 very large

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4
Q

what are the joints in the tarsus

A
  1. tibio-tarsal joint
  2. proximal intertarsal joint
  3. distal intertarsal joint
  4. tarso-metatarsal joint
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5
Q

what is the tibio-tarsal joint

A

talus-tibia & fibula

large range of movement

calcaneus –> not articular (lever to move distal limb)

2 trochlear ridges

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6
Q

what is the proximal intertarsal joint

A

talus and calcaneus

central and 4 TBs

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7
Q

what is the distal intertarsal joint

A

central 1, 2, & 3 TBs (4th bridges the joint, no movement)

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8
Q

what is the tarso-metatarsal joint

A

1, 2, 3, & 4 TBs - metatarsal bone

firmly attached –> no movement

intratarsal joints –> ligaments holding bones together

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9
Q

name the joints of the tarsus

A
  1. tibio-tarsal joint
  2. proximal intertarsal joint
  3. distal intertarsal joint
  4. tarso-metatarsal joint
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10
Q

what is the movement in the tarsus

A

large range of flexion

most movement in the tibio-tarsal joint

little movement in other joints

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11
Q

what produces rotation in the tarsus

A

trochlea not verticle

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12
Q

what occurs during limb protraction and hock flexion

A

distal hindlimb directed lateral to forelimbs

prevents over reach injuries

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13
Q

what occurs during limb retraction and hock extension

A

distal hindlimb directed in axial plane –> propulsion

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14
Q

what are the features of the tarsus

A

typical synovial joint

extensive joint capsule

poor communication between compartments

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15
Q

what is palpable within the tarsus

A

tibio-tarsal joint separate from rest

dorsomedial aspect, plantarolateral aspect, plantaromedial aspect

distal reigions of joint –> dorsomedial and dorsolateral aspect

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16
Q

how is the tarsus stabilized

A
  1. collateral ligaments
  2. fibrocartilagenous reinforcement of joint capsule
  3. retinaculum
  4. plantar ligament
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17
Q

how does the collateral ligament stabilize the tarsus

A

ligaments on

long: tibia- metatarsal bone
short: bridge bone - bone

common injury in dressage and cow horses

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18
Q

what ligaments and structures are shown

A
  1. collateral ligaments
  2. fibrocartilagenous reinforcement of joint capsule
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19
Q

what ligament is this

A

plantar ligament

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20
Q

how many centres of ossifications do the tarsal bones develop from

A

all single

except the calcaneus bone = 2

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21
Q

what are clinical conditions of the tarsus

A
  1. bone spavin = hock degereative joint disease
    - central & 3rd TBs most commonly affected
    - new bone formation
    - joints may fuse - no longer visible on radiograph
    - if affects tibio-tarsal joint = very bad prognosis
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22
Q

what clinical condition is shown

A

bone spavin

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23
Q

what are the origins and insertions of the cranial tibial muscle

A

O- proximal tibia

I- metatarsal bones (all sp.)

I- medial aspect hock (horse) = cunean tendon

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24
Q

what is the function of the cranial tibial muscle

A

hock flexion

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25
Q

what is the nerve supply of the cranial tibial muscles

A

peroneal/fibular nerve (branch of sciatic)

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26
Q

what muscle

A

cranial tibial muscle

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27
Q

what muscle

A

cranial tibial muscle

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28
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the peroneus longus/long fibular muscle

A

O- lateral tibia and fibula

I- plantar aspect tarsus

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29
Q

do horses have the peroneus longus/long fibular muscle

A

no only dogs and cats

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30
Q

what are the origin and insertions of the peroneus tertius/third fibular muscle

A

O-lateral femoral condyle (with long digital extensor muscle)

I- 3rd MT (with cranial tibial muscle)

I- lateral aspect tarsus

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31
Q

what is the function of the peroneus muscle

A

hock flexion

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32
Q

what is the nerve supply of the peroneus muscle

A

peroneal/fibulra nerve (branch of sciatic)

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33
Q

what muscle

A

peroneus longus/long fibular muscle (dog & cat)

peroneus tertius/third fibular muscle (horses)

34
Q

what is the origin and insertion of the long digital extensor muscle

A

O- extensor fossa (femur)

tendon of origin incorperated into stifle joint capsule –> provides lateral collateral support to stifle

I- all digits

distal phalanx –> extensor process

35
Q

what is the function of the long digital extensor muscle

A

hock flexion

digital extension

36
Q

what are the nerve supply of the long digital extensor muscle

A

peroneal/fibular nerve (branch of sciatic)

37
Q

what muscle is this

A

long digital extensor muscle

38
Q

what tendon is present on the distal caudal aspect of the hindlimb

A

common calcanean tendon (achilles tendon)

39
Q

what are the components of the common calcanean tendon

A
  1. biceps femoris
  2. semitendinosus
  3. gracilis
  4. gastrocnemius
  5. superficial digital flexor
40
Q

what is the insertion of the common calcanean tendon

A

I- calcaneus

tuber calcis/calcanean tuberosity

41
Q

what is the function of the common calcanean tendon

A

acts as lever for distal limb + plantar ligament

hock extension

42
Q

what tendon is this

A

common calcanean tendon

43
Q

what tendon and ligament is this

A

common calcanean tendon

plantar ligament

44
Q

what are the origin and insertion of the gastrocnemius muscle

A

O- femur

(2 tendons of origin, fabellae)

I- calcaneus

(most significant component of common calcanean tendon)

45
Q

what is the function of the gastrocnemius muscle

A

hock extensor

(stifle flexor)

46
Q

what is the nerve supply to gastrocnemius muscle

A

tibial nerve (branch of sciatic)

47
Q

what muscle is this

A

gastrocnemius muscle

48
Q

what are the origin and insertion of the superficial digital flexor muscle

A

O- distal femur (with gastrocnemius)

I- calcaneus (part of common calcanean tendon)

I- branches to all digits (middle phalanx)

49
Q

what is the function of superficial digital flexor muscle

A

hock extension

digital flexion

support of distal limb joints in extension (no accessory check ligament)

50
Q

what is the nerve supply of the superficial digital flexor muscle

A

tibial nerve (branch of sciatic)

51
Q

what muscle is this

A

superficial digital flexor muscle

52
Q

what is the origin and insertion of deep digital flexor muscle

A

O-tibia (runs over tarsus, not part of common calcanean tendon)

I- branches to all digits (distal phalanx)

53
Q

what is the function of the deep digital flexor muscle

A

hock extensor

digital flexor

support of dital limb joints in extension

weak accessory check ligament (small, or completely absent)

54
Q

what is the nerve supply to the deep digital flexor muscle

A

tibial nerve (branch of sciatic)

55
Q

what muscle is this

A

deep digital flexor muscle

56
Q

what muscles are hock flexors

A
  1. cranial tibial muscle
  2. peroneus muscle
57
Q

what muscles are hock flexor and digital extensor

A

long digital extensor

58
Q

what nerves are the hock flexors supplied by

A

fibular/peroneal nerve

59
Q

what muscles are hock extensors +/- digital flexors

A
  1. common calcanean tendon (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gracilis, gastrocnemius, superficial digital flexor)
  2. deep digital flexor
60
Q

what nerves supply the hock extensors

A

tibial nerve

61
Q

which tendon is palpable

A

common calcanean tendon

62
Q

what is the hindlimb stay apparatus allowing

A

natural weightbearing position = extension

ability to lock weight bearing hindlimb in extension while other rested (resting forelimb = lame)

63
Q

what does the hip/stifle/hock prevent

A

collapse into flexion

64
Q

what system does the hip have in the hindlimb stay apparatus

A

no passive system

65
Q

what system does the stifle have in the hindlimb stay apparatus

A

patellar locking mechanism

66
Q

what system does the hock contain in the hindlimb stay apparatus

A

reciprocal apparatus

67
Q

what is the reciprocal apparatus

A

peroneus tertius

superficial digital flexor

fibrous bands (not really a muscle –> acts as a rope)

68
Q

what is the proximal movement of origin in the reciprocal apparatus

A

proximal movement of insertion

stifle and hock must move together

69
Q

what system is shown here

A

reciprocal apparatus

peroneus tertius & superficial digital flexor

70
Q

what do the MTP/PIP/DIP joints prevent

A

hyperextension

71
Q

what does the MTP joint contain that contributes to the stay apparatus

A

suspensory apparatus

suspensory ligament

proximal sesamoids

distal sesamoidean ligaments

long digital extensor

72
Q

what do the MTP, PIP, DIP joints contain that contributes the the hindlimb stay apparatus

A

SDFT (no accessory check ligament)

DDFT + accessory check ligament

annular ligaments

73
Q

what is the functional significance of the hindlimb in horses

A

massive power during hindlimb extension

huge muscle mass –> gluteal muscles, hip extensors/limb retractors (extra heads), stifle extensors, hock extensors (reciprocal apparatus)

forces directed caudally in axial plane (angled trochlea on talus –> jumping)

74
Q

what are the palpable swellings around the tarsus

A
  1. joint effusion (5 locations)
  2. seroma (capped hock)
  3. bursitis (calcanean bursa)
  4. tendon sheath effusion
  5. plantar ligament - “curb”
  6. distended medial saphenous vein
75
Q

identify the muscles and tendons

A
76
Q

identify the muscles and tendons

A
77
Q

identify the muscles and tendons

A
78
Q

identify the muscles and tendons

A
79
Q

identify the muscles and tendons

A
80
Q

identify the tendons and muscles

A
81
Q

identify the equine hock bones

A
82
Q

identify the components of the canine hock

A

Module 7 (50 decks)

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