8.3 Flashcards
(31 cards)
What is a Totalitarian regime?
A system of government that is centralised and dictatorial
What is an example of a totalitarian regime?
North Korea
What is a welfare state?
A state that has policies in place (health care, benefits, education, or social care) to ensure social progress. Spending on the wellness of all citizens is a priority.
What is social progress?
Societies have the power to improve their ability to meet basic human needs and create opportunities of people to improve their lot within society.
Describe France’s spending habits
- G20 member, who’s investment into healthcare and education has been gradual. This can be seen as government spending increase from 2008 to 2018, from $118 million to $140 million.
- Spent 11.5% on Health and 5.5% on Education
- Pensioners who worked for 40 years full-time receives £15,000 in annual State pension.
Describe Saudi Arabia’s spending habits
- G20 member
- Between 2008-2017 only increase from 150000 to 180000 million. But massive investment of 620000 million in 2018.
- They spent 4.7% on Health and 5.1% on Education.
- Saudi Arabia’s healthcare system is 80% state-funded. It’s hospitals are high quality and state healthcare.
What impact will investing more into the social sector have on social progression?
A country which dedicates more funding towards the social sector, including education and healthcare is likely to have a larger profession socially. Better healthcare means more time in work. Better education means more qualifications - better jobs and higher paying jobs. This money can be taxed going back into the economy, which can be reinvested into the social sector.
What is an IGO?
Intergovernmental organisation
What are 3 examples of IGOs that play a role in the improvement of environmental quality, health, education and human rights?
- The World Bank (GPE - Global Partnership for Education) - education and the environment.
- The International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Poverty
-The World Trade Organisation (WTO) - the environment
What is the World Bank?
- Founding member of the Global Partnership for Education (GPE) - established in 2002.
What Millennium Development Goals did The World Bank help achieve?
Millennium Development Goals - 2&3
Goal 2 - Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3 - Promote gender equality and empower women
What was the Global Partnership for Education?
- Aimed to develop a sound educational system for children by investing in early childhood education, including developing early reading and numeracy skills.
How was the Global Partnership for Education operationalised?
Set up early reading assessment systems so progress can be measured.
What people did the Global Partnership for Education focus on?
- Education for girls
- Ethnic minorities
- Children with disabilities
- Children in areas affected by conflict
How much has the World Bank invested into the Global Partnership for Education?
US $35 billion between 2002 and 2015
What has the World Bank does for the environment?
Climate Change Action Plan - an initiative to help developing countries (e.g. India) by adding renewable energy (30 gigawatts of renewable energy to power 150 million homes) as well as to include flood early warning systems for 100 million people and development investment in agriculture for 40 countries - all by 2020.
SUMMARY:
- Help develop renewable energy
- Help develop flood warning systems
- Invest into agriculture
What is the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) played a significant role in strengthening weakening currencies and foster stronger economic development policies. It is largely involved in heavily indebted countries.
How did the International Monetary Fund (IMF) aid countries?
Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs):
- Provides loans to heavily indebted countries with adjusted rates of interest and more affordable repayments
What are Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs)?
- Provide loans with more affordable repayments and adjusted rates of interest.
- Conditions where the state is forced to play a reduced part in the economy - e.g. privatisation of the state energy or water companies.
- In addition these conditions may include playing a reduced part in social welfare - leading to reductions in government spending on health or educations.
How has the International Monetary Fund (IMF) encourage countries to focus on reducing poverty (one of the millennium development goals)?
- Poverty Reduction Programme
- This allowed countries to focus on their own medium-term plans instead of the imposed conditions. These plans aim to organise a strategy to receive aid, loans and debt relief.
What is an example of the IMF engaging in a poverty reduction programme?
Haiti - to implement development strategies to enable its economy to be more resilient, particularly after Hurricane Matthew.
What is the role of the World Trade Organisation (WTO)?
- Policies to increase trade, to promote economic development
- Some of these policies led to environmental degradation.
- This occurs through rainforest clearance and threats to biodiversity, as forest land is cleared to grow crops.
In what countries has the World Trade Organsiation’s (WTO) policies led to environmental degradation?
Indonesia - where rainforest clearance had led to a rapid growth in palm oil production.
How has the World Trade Organisation (WTO) aimed to tackle environmental problems?
- Restricting international movement of products or species that are harmful or endangered.
- Challenging trade agreements where there may be implications for climate change.
