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Neuroscience midterm 2 > LECTURE 5 > Flashcards

LECTURE 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the somatosensory system responsible for?

A

involved in conscious and unconscious perception of touch, proprioception, temperature and pain

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2
Q

What is somatosensation?

A

is a term indicating the interpretation of sensory information from:
skin and musculoskeletal systems

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3
Q

what is speed of information processing determined by?

A

Diameter of the axons
Degree of axonal myelination
Number of synapses in the pathway

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4
Q

What are the three peripheral receptors and what do they do?

A

Mechanoreceptors- sensitive to touch, pressure, stretch, vibration.
Chemoreceptors- sensitive to chemicals released from cells.
Thermoreceptors- sensitive to temperature.

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5
Q

What is a distal axon?

A

conducts messages from the receptor to the cell body

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6
Q

What is a proximal axon?

A

projects from the cell body into the spinal cord or brainstem

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7
Q

What is a receptive field?

A

area of skin innervated by a single afferent neuron

tend to be smaller distally and larger proximally.

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8
Q

How is fine touch information transmitted?

A

transmitted through a variety of receptors all carried by A-Beta afferents

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9
Q

what do a-delta fibers carry?

A

impulses produced by cooling

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10
Q

what do C fibers carry?

A

information regarding heat

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11
Q

What are the two types of pain response?

A

Fast pain or spinothalamic pain - is the initial and immediate sharp sensation that indicates the location of the injury.
Slow pain or spinolimbic pain - is the dull and throbbing ache following fast pain that is not well localized

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12
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

sensory organs in muscles that respond to stretch and provide information on fibre length and velocity of length change.

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13
Q

what are the two types of muscle spindle endings and what are their roles?

A 
Primary Endings (Ia afferents):
Rate of stretch
Length changes
Secondary Endings (II afferents):
Length changes
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14
Q

What are the two types of intramural fibres?

A

Nuclear bag fibers - which are clumps of nuclei

Nuclear chain fibers - which are nuclei arranged in single file

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15
Q

What are gamma motor neurons?

A

motor neurons are located in ventral horn of spinal cord
Innervate intrafusal muscle spindle receptors
Travel adjacent to alpha motor neurons to skeletal muscles

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16
Q

What are Golgi Tendon Organs?

A

Tension in tendons is relayed from GTOs
Encapsulated nerve endings woven among the collagen strands near the musculotendinous junction
Monitor tension in tendons

17
Q

What are the 4 types of joint receptors?

A

Ligament receptors respond to tension of the ligaments (Ib)

Paciniform corpuscles respond to movement, not when joint position is constant (II)

Ruffini’s corpuscles signal extreme ranges of motion (II)

Free nerve endings stimulated by inflammation (alpha- delta and C)

18
Q

What are conscious relay pathways?

A

Conscious discriminative sensory perception

19
Q

What are divergent relay pathways?

A

Conscious and unconscious general sensory information to many locations in brainstem and cerebrum

20
Q

What are unconscious relay pathways?

A

Unconscious proprioception and posture information to cerebellum

21
Q

What are the two main conscious relay systems to the cerebral cortex?

A

Dorsal Column or Medial Lemniscus Tract
Fine touch, Proprioception and Vibration

Anterolateral Column or Spinothalmic Tract
Fast Pain, Temperature and Crude touch

22
Q

What is stereognosis?

A

is the ability to use touch and proprioceptive information to identify an object

23
Q

Where are the first, second and third order neurons in the dorsal tract?

A

first order from DRG to medulla- second order in medulla- third order in thalamus carry to primary somatosensory.

24
Q

What is facicullis gracilis?

A

medial column to lower body

25
Q

What is fascicles cuneatus?

A

lateral column to upper body

26
Q

Where are first, second and third order neurons located in spinothalamic tract?

A

First order in DRG, second in dorsal horn of spinal cord, third in thalamus.

27
Q

What is the difference between fast and slow pain?

A

Fast pain: is the initial and immediate sharp sensation which indicates the location of the injury
Slow pain: is the dull, throbbing ache following fast pain that is not well localized

28
Q

What is analgesia?

A

is the absence of pain in response to stimuli that would normally be painful

29
Q

What is crossed analgesia?

A

is a pathologic circumstance where a single lesion can cause pain sensation to be lost on the ipsilateral side of the face and the contralateral side of the body

30
Q

What is the medial pain system?

A

divergent ascending network of neurons responsible for slow pain

Activity of the medial pain system elicits motivational, withdrawal, arousal, and autonomic responses to pain

31
Q

What three tracts are used in the medial pain pathway?

A

Spinomesencephalic

Spinoreticular

Spinolimbic=Tracts are parallel ascending tracts-Only information in the spinolimbic tract is perceived as pain

32
Q

What is the Trigeminoreticulolimbic Pathway responsible for?

A

transmitting slow pain information to the face also using trigeminal nerve

33
Q

Where does the spinomesencephalic tract carry info too?

A 
Superior Colliculus (midbrain)
Involved in turning the eyes and head toward the source of noxious input

Periaqueductal gray
Activates descending pain control system

34
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

A neural network in the brainstem that includes the reticular nuclei and their connections

35
Q

Where does the spinelimbic tract transmit slow pain information?

A

limbic lobe in cerebral cortex, responsible for emotional response to pain

36
Q

Where do unconscious relay tracts transmit information from?

A

Proprioceptive receptors
Activity in spinal interneurons
via the spinocerebellar tracts

37
Q

What are the two high-fidelity pathways?

A

Posterior spinocerebellar pathway
Transmits proprioceptive information from the legs and the lower half of the body

Cuneocerebellar pathway
Transmits proprioceptive information from the arm and upper half of the body

Are ipsilateral

38
Q

What are the two internal feedback tracts?

A

Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Transmits information from the thoracolumbar spinal cord
Tract fibers divide to connect to both sides of cerebellum
Bilateral projection reflects automatic coordination of lower limbs; versus more voluntary control of upper limbs

Rostrospinocerebellar tract
Transmits information from the cervical spinal cord to the ipsilateral cerebellum

Neuroscience midterm 2 (3 decks)

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