Oropharyngeal and Salivary Gland Disorders Flashcards
how are cleft lip/ palate formed
failure of the maxillary and nasal/palatal bones to fuse
when does the cleft lip form
weeks 4-6 in utero
when does cleft palate form
weeks 6-12 in utero
associations of cleft lip/ palate
Trisomy 13
Trisomy 18
smoking
EtOH
Phenytoin
Folate antagonists
hypervitaminosis A
distinguish oral leukoplakia vs erythroplakia
which is more likely to become malignant transformation:
which cancer
leukoplakia: white plaque that cant be scraped off
erythroplakia: red velvety plaque (may be leveled or slightly depressed in the oral cavity that bleeds easily on contact
Erythroplakia is much more likely to become squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity
intermediate variant of leukoplakia and erythroplakia
speckled leukoerythroplakia
clinical and histological appearance of leukoplakia
clinical: relatively thin and smooth with well-demarcated borders
histology: severe dysplasia characterized by nuclear and cellular pleomorphism, numerous mitotic figures and loss of normal maturation
clinical and histological appearance of erythroplakia
clinical: red velvety plaque
histology: severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, minimal invasion
Name the molecular pathogenesis associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity
inactivation/ mutation of p53 tumor suppressor genes
p63 and NOTCH1 are also associated
associations of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma
HPV-16
Tobacco
Alcohol
Actinic sunlight
common sites of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma
tonsils
base of tongue
pharynx
microscopy of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma
keratin pearls
numerous sets of islands of malignant keratinocytes invading the underlying connective tissue stoma and skeletal muscle
how does squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity usually spread and where does it tend to metastasize
via lymphatics to the regional lymph node
usually spreads to lungs, liver and bones
prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma
5 year survival rate for early stage ~80%.
late stage ~20 %
another name for canker sore
aphthous ulcer