WEEK 6 Flashcards
What is the rationale for early nutritional interventions for the prevention of chronic disease
Nutritional interventions can be used as prevention for a certain amount of time, then medical interventions can be used as treatment to prolong deathq
What are the difficulties associated with clinical efficacy of curcumin as an anti-inflammatory agent
In vitro has great anti-inflammatory effect
However in vivo the parent molecule (which is the active compound) is metabolised too quickly to elicit an effect. Ratio of 1:20 parent to metabolite molecules
Also has poor availability from the GIT, best consumed in fresh tumeric form and with fats (fat soluble)
What is sulphorophane? Where is it found? What does it do?
A compound found in glucosinolates (broccoli).
Needs enzyme myrosinase to be converted to sulphoraphane
When active it triggers the dissociation between Keap1 complex and Nrf2
What is Tangiers disease?
A genetic polymorphism in sterol transport regulation genes (ABCA1) and thus creates a faulty cholesterol transport mechanism
Cholesterol builds up in cells and tissues resulting in premature atherosclerosis
Can pharmacologically restrict cholesterol production, but no nutritional treatment
What occurs in a variation in SREBP-1c
SREBP-1c activates the expression of many genes involved in synthesis of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids
Overexpression leads to de novo lipogensis = NAFLD
Low fructose/glucose diets reduce expression
What results from a polymorphism in Apolipoprotein A1?
APOA1 is responsible for transporting cholesterol from cells for removal
Polymorphism results in different response to PUFA exposure, usually decrease HDL production
Low fat diet can help
Brief overview of history of nutrition research
- 1960s: Fat vs Sugar
- 1970s: protein vs calories in developing countries
- 2000s: double burden (malnutrition + obesity)
What evidence is used to develop NRVs
- dietary intakes from national surveys
- extrapolation from other populations
- observation of populations
- animal and human experiments
- chronic disease epidemiology
What is used to make the Australia Dietary Guidelines
- nutrient reference values
- NHMRC core food group analysis
- Australian guide to healthy eating
What are the Hills 9 criteria for evaluating a causal relationship?
- strength
- consistency
- specificity
- temporality
- biologic gradient
- plausibility
- coherence
- experiment
- analogy
What is the sequence of experiments in nutrition research?
- clinical observations and epidemiological studies
- in vitro/ex-vivo experiments
- in-vivo preclinical experiments in animals
- clinical interventions to determine safety, efficacy and feasibility
What is a retrospective study?
a study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already known to have a disease
What is an RCT?
A study in which people are allocated at random to receive one of several clinical interventions. One of these interventions is the standard of comparison or control. The control may be a standard practice, a placebo or no intervention at all
What is a case study?
Single patients are observed during the course of treatment in order to report on their individual response to the treatment
What is a cross-sectional study?
A type of observational study that analyses data from a population at a specific point in time
