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Psychopathology > Problem 1 > Flashcards

Problem 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental psychopathology

A

Refers to the study of childhood disorders

–> understanding the children behaviors cross the line from the normal difficulties of childhood into the abnormal

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2
Q

Predominantly inattentive type

A

Diagnosed if 6 or more symptoms of inattention, but fewer than 6 symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity are present

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3
Q

Predominantly hyperactive-impulsitivity type

A

Diagnosed if 6 or more symptoms of it + less than 6 symptoms of inattention are present

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4
Q

Combined type

A

Includes 6 or more symptoms of both are present

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5
Q

ADHD behavioral problems, sometimes are severe enough to be diagnosed as a conduct disorder.

What is this ?

A

Engaging in serious transgressions of societal norms for behavior

–> repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated

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6
Q

What are the differences in neurological functioning + cerebral blood flow in children with ADHD ?

A
  1. PFC is smaller in volume + shows abnormal activation when children try to inhibit their responses (Immaturity hypothesis)

–> regulates attention, organization planning

  1. Catecholamine neurotransmitters, which are involved in inhibiting impulses function abnormally

–> include dopamine, serotonine, norepinephrine

  1. Less connectivity between PFC + emotional, motor + memory areas
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7
Q

Treatments for ADHD

A
  1. Stimulant drugs such as Ritalin, Dexedrine etc
  2. Psychosocial therapy
  3. Working memory training
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8
Q

What are the advantages of the usage of stimulant drugs ?

A
  1. Decreases the demanding, disruptive + noncompliant behavior
  2. Increases in positive mood, goal directed behavior + interactions with others

–> works by increasing the levels of dopamine + inhibiting its reuptake

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9
Q

Disadvantages of the usage of stimulant drugs ?

A
  1. May increase the frequency of tics in children
  2. Decrease in their growth rate
  3. Risk of abuse
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10
Q

Epidemiology of ADHD in Childhood

A
  1. Mainly diagnosed in elementary school
  2. Boys are 2x more likely to develop it
  3. Usually comes along with a severe learning disorder, making it hard to concentrate in school
  4. Poor relationships with others

PREVALENCE: 5%

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11
Q

What are the 3 possible types of ADHD ?

A
  1. Combined type
  2. Predominantly inattentive type
  3. Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type
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12
Q

Epidemiology of ADHD in Adulthood ?

A
  1. In 50% symptoms persist into young adulthood
  2. Increased risk for antisocial personality disorder, substance abuse, marital problems, frequent job changes

PREVALENCE: 2.5%

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13
Q

A systematic, computerized WM training was used to assess if it will lessen ADHD symptoms.

What did the results yield ?

A
  1. Improved WM performance + increased brain activity in the DLPFC + parietal association cortices

–> indicates plasticity of the neural systems of the WM

  1. Heightened motivation
  2. Maintenance of concentration + attention
  3. Withholding of impulsive + inappropriate behaviors
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14
Q

Delay aversion hypothesis

A

Behaviors of ADHD children are due to an underlying motivational style rather than the dysfunction of regulatory systems

–> motivated to escape or avoid delay (delay aversion)

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15
Q

Dual pathway model

A

Suggests that the combined type of ADHD has 2 distinct subtypes with distinct psychological + developmental processes leading to ADHD

–> explains neuropsychological heterogeneity in ADHD

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16
Q

Which tasks where used to assess inhibitory control vs delay aversion in ADHD children ?

A

Standard stop signal task
+ Choice delay task

–> together they correctly identify 90% of ADHD cases + confirm that delay aversion and poor inhibitory control are core but still unrelated

17
Q

Dysregulation of thought + action pathway

DTAP

A

Characterizes ADHD predominantly as a disorder of the regulation of thought + action resulting from inhibitory disfunction

–> higher order cognitive control circuits are messed up (pre-)frontal regions and their connections to the basal ganglia and striatum

NO DIRECT PATHWAY

2 types: cognitive vs behavioral dysregulation

18
Q

Motivational style pathway

MSP

A

Characterizes ADHD as predominantly a motivational style mediated by the emergence of delay aversion

  1. Reward circuits are messed up, meaning ventral-striatal network incl. NAC
    (meso-limbic branch of the dopamine system)

Trigger: shortend delay gradient

  1. Cultural norms + values

Trigger: delay related demands

19
Q

Triple pathway model of ADHD

A

Includes the

  1. Dorsal fronto-striatal loop (DTAP)
    - -> inhibition, cognitive control
  2. Ventral fronto-striatal loop (MSP)
    - -> delay aversion, reward processing
  3. Temporal processing deficit (TPD)
    - -> frontal cerebellar loop, general WM problems
20
Q

Neuropsychological heterogeneity

A

Means that only a minority of ADHD patients show deficits in each domain and that some patients with ADHD will perform in the normal range

–> there are multiple (hetero) explanations for ADHD - dual pathway

21
Q

Transfer effects

A

Refers to the effect that knowledge or abilities acquired in one area have effects on problem solving or knowledge acquisition in other areas

–> greatly shown in WM tasks

22
Q

Gender differences in ADHD

A

Men are 2x more likely to have ADHD

–> girls are more underidentified, because they then tend to be inattentive

ex.: teacher might rather classify inattentive girl as shy or dreamy

23
Q

Which task accounted for the TPD, thus suggested that there is a 3rd pathway ?

A

E.g. Duration discrimination

–> difficulty with estimation of how much time has passed

24
Q

What does Partial remission of ADHD mean ?

A

Full criteria for ADHD have been met before in the past, but for the past 6 months fewer of the symptoms are shown, thus not able to fully meet the DSM 5 criteria

“getting it back but not to the full extent”

–> still functionally impaired

Psychopathology (9 decks)

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