Study designs: analytical Flashcards

1
Q

Cross sectional study: describe

A

take exposure and outcome data AT THE SAME TIME

relationship can be seen between them

but can’t determine direction

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2
Q

do cross sectional studies show prevalence

A

yes

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3
Q

do cross sectional studies show incidence?

A

no - just a snapshot

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4
Q

2 additional advantages of cross sectional studies

A

quick/cheap/easy

generate hypotheses

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5
Q

are cross sectional studies good for rare diseases, why so

A

no

as they’re rare and unlikely to come up

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6
Q

example of cross sectional study for teenage alcohol consumption vs depression?

A

teens were surveyed about whether they consume alcohol and whether they’ve been diagnosed with depression.

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7
Q

describe case control studies

A

info collected at same time but
case/control data is specifically looked at first. (often matched)
then exposure prevalence is determined within cases and controls.

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8
Q

what statistic does case control studies look at

A

odds ratio

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9
Q

can you determine incidence with case control

A

no

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10
Q

is case control good for rare diseases? why so

A

yes - as you can select them from the start

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11
Q

additional advantage and disadvantage of case control

A

helps determine whether an exposure is a risk factor/potential cause

recall bias (when determining exposure)
selection bias (if making mathces)
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12
Q

case control example of teenage alcohol consumption vs depression?

A

teens with and without depression are identified and matched based on other characteristics. Prevalence of alcohol consumption is determined in cases and controls.

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13
Q

cohort study: common ground?

A

starts with exposure (or not), then looks at whether cases/controls come about

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14
Q

what statistic do cohort studies look at

A

relative risk

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15
Q

describe prospective cohort study

A

disease free cohort
look at exposure in present time
then follow over time to see if people develop disease

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16
Q

if you increase time period, what’s a pro and con?

A

more info can be collected

but higher chance of loss to follow up

17
Q

are PCS good for rare risk factors? why so

A

yes as you can pick them as a starting point

18
Q

are PCS good for rare diseases? why so?

A

no. as they’re unlikely to develop

19
Q

are PCS good for common diseases? why so

A

yes. as they’re likely to develop

20
Q

why is prospective cohort study best evidence for causation out of analytical studies

A

as you can follow disease progression in real time

21
Q

two other disadvantages of prospective cohort studies

A

confounding

selection bias

22
Q

prospective cohort study example of teenage alcoholism and depression

A

start with population of teens without depression. Whether individuals consume alcohol or not are noted. Individuals in each group are tracked to see if they develop depression

23
Q

describe retrospective cohort study

A

look at past exposure. then follow up in future to see if disease develops