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FMP1 A&P > Reproductive Hormones, Menstrual & Ovarian Cycles > Flashcards

Reproductive Hormones, Menstrual & Ovarian Cycles Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A
  • chemical messengers
  • diffuse from endocrine system
  • carried in blood to target tissues and organs
  • influence cell growth and metabolism
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2
Q

What are gonadotrophin released hormones?

A

LH and FSH

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3
Q

What’s the main difference between secretion of male and female reproductive hormones?

A
  • males are continuously fertile from puberty to old age. There hormones are secreted at a steady pace.
  • female hormones are only are secreted cyclically and female are therefore only futile a few days eat month
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4
Q

What secretes LH and FSH in both sex?

A

GnRH (Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus stimulates secretion of the two gonadotrophin hormones - LH and FSH - from anterior pituitary gland, which acts on the sexual hormones

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5
Q

Name the 5 male reproductive hormones

A
  • GnRH
  • LH
  • FSH
  • Testosterone
  • Inhibin
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6
Q

Where is GnRH produced and what does it do in males?

A
  • hypothalamus

- controls pituitary secretions

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7
Q

Where is LH (luteinising hormone) produced and what does it do in males?

A
  • anterior pituitary gland

- stimulate the leydig cells to secrete testosterone

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8
Q

Where is FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) produced and what does it do in males?

A
  • anterior pituitary gland

- acts on sertoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis and secretion of the hormone inhibit to inhibit FSH secretion

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9
Q

Where is testosterone produced and what does it do?

A
  • produced by interstitial cells of leydig cells in testes
  • influences spermatogenesis
  • responsible for changes in puberty
  • promotes sex drive
  • inhibits released of GnRH, LH, FSH in negative feedback loop
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10
Q

Where is inhibin produced and what does it do?

A
  • produced by sertoli cells in testes
  • inhibits GnRH and FSH secretions when sperm count is too high
  • negative feedback
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11
Q

Name the 5 female reproductive hormones

A
  • GnRH
  • LH
  • FSH
  • Progesterone
  • Oestrogen
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12
Q

Where is GnRH produced and what does it do in females?

A
  • hypothalamus, when there are low levels of ovarian hormones
  • controls secretions of LH and FSH
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13
Q

Where is LH produced and what does it do in females?

A
  • anterior pituitary gland
  • stimulates development of oocyte and follicle
  • stimulates ovulation
  • increased progesterone
  • aids development of corpus luteum
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14
Q

Where FSH produced and what does it do in females?

A
  • anterior pituitary gland
  • causes immature oocyte and follicle to develop
  • increases oestrogen secretion
  • stimulates new gamete formation
  • stimulates development of uterine wall after menstruation
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15
Q

Where is progesterone produced and what does it do?

A
  • by corpus luteum, following ovulation
  • stimulates thickening of uterine wall during pregnancy
  • involved in preparing breast tissue in pregnancy
  • relaxes smooth muscle
  • prevents contractions
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16
Q

Where is oestrogen produced and what does it do?

A
  • graafian follicles, corpus luteum and placenta (wks 6-7)
  • stimulates thickening of uterine wall for implantation and fertilisation
  • stimulates maturation the oocyte
  • stimulates development of sex characteristics
  • prepares breast for lactation
  • inhibits FSH
  • increases LH
17
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

the formation of oogonia in the ovaries occurs during fetal life

18
Q

Name the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular, ovulation, luteal

19
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

the physiological changes that occur in the ovaries, essential for the preparation and release of the oocyte.

20
Q

What happens during the follicular phases?

A
  • folliculogenesis occurs stimulated by LH and FSH
  • dominant follicle secretes inhibin which suppresses FSH
  • dominant follicle forms a bulge near surface of ovary and ovulation occurs within about 1 week
21
Q

What happens during ovulation phase?

A
  • high oestrogen levels cause surge in LH
  • oocyte matures, follicle wall weakens, ov occurs day 14
  • graafian follicle rupture, releases secondary oocyte
  • fimbraie guide oocyte to uterus
  • oocyte divides to become haploid
  • ov cramps
  • music thickens, viscosity increases
22
Q

What happens during luteal phase?

A
  • corpus luteum formed from ruptured follicle
  • hormone production to develop endometrium and uterus
  • increased uterine contractility
  • cervical mucous thick and sticky
  • if no fertilisation, hormone levels decrease and cycle begins again
  • corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans
23
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

the physiological changes occurring in the endometrium in order too receive the fertilised egg

24
Q

What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

menstrual, proliferative, secretory

25
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase?

A
  • oestrogen and progesterone levels fall, prostaglandin is released, causing arteries of the endometrium to spasm and reduce blood supply to endometrium
  • endometrium dies and sheds with unfertilised oocyte
  • blood loss 50-150ml
  • lasts 4 days
26
Q

Define ‘endometrium spasm’

A

period cramp

27
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase?

A
  • re-growth and thickening of endometrium
  • forms 3 layers - basal, functional and cuboidal epithelium
  • lasts 10 days - 4-14
28
Q

What happens during secretory phase?

A
  • functional layer of endometrium thickens and becomes spongey
  • blood supply to the area is increased
  • glands produce nutritive secretions
  • lasts 14 days - 14-28
29
Q

How many days does the menstrual phase last? and which days of the cycle?

A

4 days

day 1-4

30
Q

How many days does the proliferative phase last? and which days of the cycle?

A

10 days

day 4-14

31
Q

How many days does the secretory phase last? and which days of the cycle?

A

14 days

day 14-28

32
Q

Where is oxytocin produced and what does it do?

A

produced by hypothalamus

  • stimulates uterine contractions during labour
  • stimulates mammary glands to eject milk after childbirth
  • increased by skin to skin contact
  • “love hormone”
33
Q

Where is hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) produced and what does it do?

A

produced by trophoblasts and the placenta

  • prevents corpus luteum from disintegrating
  • stimulates oestrogen and progesterone secretions from corpus luteum
  • forms the basis of pregnancy test results as it’s secreted in the pregnant woman’s urine
34
Q

Where is prolactin produced and what does it do?

A

produced by the anterior pituitary gland

- stimulates mammory growth and development and lactation

35
Q

Where is relaxin produced and what does it do?

A

produced by the corpus luteum

  • contributes to the process of decidualisation
  • decidualisation is a process that results in significant changes to cells of the endometrium in prep for, during, pregnancy undergoing structural changes
36
Q

Where is human placental lactogen (hPL) and what does it do?

A

produced by syncytiotrophoblast cells

  • regulates maternal carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism and fetal growth
  • promotes growth of great tissue

FMP1 A&P (31 decks)

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